(2004)

that simultaneously acquires FAIR, BOLD, and VASO signals. The EPI module was the same for the FAIR and simultaneous BOLD/CBF/VASO sequence and was a single-shot EPI with a BW of 132 kHz and a slice thickness of 3 mm. For the Selleckchem ISRIB simultaneous BOLD/CBF/VASO sequence, data were typically acquired at a resolution of 0.75 × 0.75 mm2, with a FOV of 64 × 32 mm2 and a matrix size of 86 × 43. The TI was 925 ms for the VASO-echo and 1,300 ms for the FAIR-echo at a TR of 3,000 ms. The TI for the VASO-echo was determined based on the inversion of blood in veins in the calcarine sulcus. The echo times were 8.4, 8.4, and 30.5 ms for the VASO-echo, FAIR-echo, and BOLD-echo, respectively. Hyperbolic secant pulses were used for inversion. For high-resolution FAIR (n = 6), a single slice was acquired oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface with a FOV of 64 × 24 mm2 or 64 × 16 mm2, a matrix of 128 × 48 or 128 × 32 (resolution, 0.5 × 0.5 × 3 mm3), a TI of 1,400 ms, and a TR of 4,500 ms. The shortest possible TE was used ranging from 8.6 to 11.6 ms depending on the matrix and FOV. To determine whether flow in large vessels affects the CBF profiles, a diffusion-weighted SE FAIR-EPI was used Selleck Venetoclax as a control.

Its sequence parameters were the same as for the GE-based high-resolution FAIR, except that the TE was 26.4 ms and the b factor was 20. Data were analyzed using custom-written routines in MatLab (The MathWorks). Activation maps were generated using t tests. MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit No smoothing was applied in the analyses (the exception is Figure 1, where data were smoothed for display purposes). For measuring the VASO-CBV signal, only the nonselective inversion was used, reducing the number of images per scan to 64. To determine the mean percent functional signal change in the regions with positive and negative BOLD, ROIs for the positive and negative BOLD were drawn in the operculum of V1, based on the high-resolution raw (i.e., not thresholded for significant activation) BOLD percentage change activation maps. The same ROIs were used to calculate

functional CBV changes. For calculation of functional CBF, ROIs were drawn based on the unthresholded CBF percentage change maps after verifying the locations of the ROIs in the BOLD scans. Functional activation as a function of cortical depth was analyzed by calculating the profiles perpendicular to the cortex (see the Supplemental Experimental Procedures for a detailed description of the analysis procedures and the factors affecting the laminar resolution). The areas over which the profiles were calculated were defined based on the extent of the negative BOLD activation, which amounted to a distance of 7–8 mm along the cortex for each slice and hemisphere. Two to three slices were used for BOLD and CBV profiles. The same coordinates were used to calculate BOLD and functional CBV profiles.