These strings are then passed through a knifing process to cut the pellets. The majority of the injection molding Dolutegravir purchase manufacturing process occurs within an enclosed system thus minimizing

the exposure of employees to the plastic and CNT materials. It is unlikely that any CNT release occurs during the actual mold process due to emissions from solvents released later during the solidification/curing process. Scrap and/or off-spec materials from the production processes will cause the generation of a solid waste stream and create potential for dermal exposures by those who handle them. Maintenance of injection molding material may also potentially generate a waste product of wipe cloths and/CNT containing particulates. Currently these two waste streams are mainly treated using incineration. The injection-molded parts described in scenario 1 may require finishing steps before incorporation selleck compound into the final product. The final finishing process may include sanding, grinding, drilling and/or burnishing. Machining operations

like sanding, cutting and drilling are based on high energy input and may lead in each case to a considerable generation of nanoparticles in workplaces as described in the “Release of CNT from polymer composites” section (Bello et al., 2009, Bello et al., 2010, Cena and Peters, 2011, Golanski et al., 2010, Gupta et al., 2006 and Wohlleben et al., 2011). During weak, but long-term abrasion processes, relevant for the use-phase, only a slight release

of coarse particles containing embedded nano-objects was observed (Cena and Peters, 2011, Golanski et al., 2010, Gupta et al., 2006 and Wohlleben et al., 2011). However, more data with composites that have a wide range of tensile strengths need to be obtained to support this conclusion. Especially data from real-world situations need to be provided, preferably in the form of well-described exposure scenarios (Clark et al., 2012). During the use-phase, release by consumer influence is possible, Resveratrol either chemically, induced by sweat, saliva, or mechanically, by breakage (into environment) or during maintenance/repair. These releases are likely to be quite small, but cannot be totally excluded. Release may also be dependent on the type of sports equipment. With a tennis racket or golf club the consumer can have a direct contact with the CNT-composite material if it is not covered with other materials. A bicycle frame, on the other hand, is most probably coated, so no direct contact will occur. Repair operations might result in highest release, but these operations are highly unlikely for this type of sports equipment. High-end sports equipment containing CNTs (e.g. bicycle parts and golf club shafts) is sometimes customized for use, e.g. cut to size or lengthened, and thus some of these modifications, e.g. those involving cutting, might involve release.