In addition, endogenous PGs are also necessary for normal bone repair [20] and a critical role for COX-2 and PGE2 in triggering Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the anabolic response to mechanical loading has been proposed [21]. Four G-protein coupled receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4, are associated with effects of PGE2. EP2 and EP4, which activate Gαs and stimulate cAMP formation, have predominant roles in both PGE2-stimulated bone resorption and formation [15]. EP3 is coupled to Gαi and inhibits cAMP, while EP1 acts largely by increasing calcium flux and perhaps protein kinase C (PKC) [22]. Because PTH induces PGE2 production

and because PTH and PGE2 both have major actions via similar Gαs/cAMP-activated pathways [23] and [24], our initial hypothesis was that IDH mutation PGE2 was the local mediator of some of the anabolic actions of PTH. However, we found intermittent PTH in vivo to be more anabolic in Cox-2 KO mice than in WT mice, suggesting an inhibitory interaction of PTH and PGs [25]. In the current study, we extend our initial findings on the inhibitory interaction of PTH and PGs in vitro [26] to show that the stimulatory effect of PTH on OB differentiation in BMSCs occurred only when COX-2 activity was absent in both mesenchymal and hematopoietic

cells. Using co-cultures and conditioned media (CM) from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), we show that the inhibition of PTH-stimulated OB differentiation Crizotinib research buy was mediated by a factor or factors secreted by hematopoietic cells committed to the OC lineage in response to COX-2 produced PGs or to added PGE2. This study reveals a new role for COX-2 and PGE2 in regulating PTH-stimulated responses in bone and a new example of regulation of OB differentiation by OCs. PGE2, NS398, MRE-269 (prostaglandin IP receptor agonist), dinoprost (PGF2α

receptor agonist) and all other prostanoids used were from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). Recombinant either mouse macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), osteoprotegerin (OPG)/Fc-chimera and RANKL were from R&D systems (Minneapolis, MN). Bovine PTH (bPTH; 1–34) and all other chemicals were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO), unless otherwise noted. Mice with disruption of Ptgs2, which produce no functional COX-2 protein, called Cox-2 knockout (KO) mice, in a C57BL/6, 129SV background were the gift of Scott Morham [27]. Ptger2 and Ptger4 KO mice in C57BL/6, 129 backgrounds were gifts from Richard and Matthew Breyer [28] and [29]. All KO mice were backcrossed more than 16 generations into the CD-1 (outbred) background. Breeding colonies were refreshed twice a year by regenerating maintenance colonies from mice heterozygous for the deleted or disrupted gene mated with WT mice from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). For experiments, Cox-2 KO mice were bred by KO × KO mating, and Ptger2 and Ptger4 KO mice were bred by heterozygous × heterozygous mating.