PYC efficacy was much stronger than procyanidin or taxifolin; therefore, a combination of components or unknown factor(s) in PYC may contribute to inhibition of viral replication. Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B and STAT-3 by HCV is implicated in acute and chronic liver disease (Gong et al., 2001, Waris et al., 2003 and Waris et al., 2005). Consistent with these data, a previous study showed that PYC inhibits NF-kappa B and activator protein-1, and abolishes the degradation of I-kappa B alpha (Cho et al.,

2000). Moreover, a recent study showed that PYC also inhibits expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6, reducing calcium uptake and suppressing NF-kappa B activation (Choi and Yan, 2009). We Olaparib solubility dmso observed PYC free radical scavenging activity against ROS in HCV replicon cell lines. These data support our finding that PYC exerts its antioxidant

effects directly by scavenging of ROS and indirectly by enhancing cellular antioxidant enzymes (Packer et al., 1999). Our study shows that the natural product PYC inhibits HCV replication both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that in vitro combinations of PYC/IFN-alpha/RBV and PYC/telaprevir lead to a much stronger antiviral response than with either agent alone and that PYC suppresses replication in telaprevir-resistant replicon cells. Future clinical trials are necessary to assess which patients, for example, naïves, non-responders, or those click here with severe liver disease, could benefit from co-administration of PYC with PEG-IFN-alpha, RBV, or DAAs. Addition of PYC may be a viable strategy to improve the efficacy of HCV therapies using the recently licensed antiviral molecules. The authors declare that they have nothing

to disclose regarding funding or conflicts of interest relating to this manuscript. This research was supported Astemizole by a grant from the Adaptable and Seamless Technology Transfer Program through Target-driven R&D (Japan Science and Technology Agency), grants from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. Sayeh Ezzikouri is supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship for Foreign Researchers. The authors thank Drs Yuko Tokunaga and Makoto Ozawa for their support during experiments, Dr Lin Li for combination index calculation and Horphag Research Co., Geneva, Switzerland, for their generous gift of Pycnogenol® powder. “
“Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem, affecting approximately 170 million, and results in a chronic degenerative liver disease that is characterised by hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and in 10% of cases hepatocellular carcinoma. Therapeutic regimens of pegylated-interferon and the nucleoside analogue ribavirin are only active in about 50% of cases with varying efficacy across different genotypes.