Relative to the comparison group, individuals with cirrhosis had worse self-reported health status, more comorbidities, and used significantly more health care services (hospitalizations, nursing home stays, physician visits; P < 0.001

for all bivariable comparisons). They also had greater functional disability (P < 0.001 for activities of Selleckchem BAY 80-6946 daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), despite adjustment for covariates such as comorbidities and health care utilization. Individuals with cirrhosis received more than twice the number of informal caregiving hours per week (P < 0.001), at an annual cost of US $4700 per person. Conclusion: Older Americans with cirrhosis have high rates of disability, health care utilization, and need for informal caregiving. Improved care coordination and caregiver support is necessary to optimize management of this frail population. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:184–191) The prevalence of cirrhosis among older adults is expected

to increase,1 in part due to the rising incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the aging of the hepatitis C population.2, Smoothened Agonist nmr 3 Patients with cirrhosis, especially those with age-related comorbidities, experience several potentially debilitating complications that can have a significant impact on activities of daily living (ADLs), such as the ability to dress oneself, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as the ability to manage shopping or housework. These impairments, combined with the associated regimen of dietary restrictions, medications,

laboratory testing, and clinic visits, make management of cirrhosis in the elderly very complex.4 Furthermore, optimal home-based care is limited without caregivers who can help supplement the care that clinicians provide.5 Figure 1 presents a conceptual framework 上海皓元 demonstrating how cirrhosis-related complications, underlying psychosocial/behavioral issues, and aging might contribute to increased caregiver time and burden. The importance of informal caregiving by family members has been well described for patients with other chronic diseases such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and stroke. Caregiver involvement improves patient outcomes,6 and interventions can increase caregiver effectiveness.7-9 Informal caregiving for these conditions has also been shown to cause significant economic and health burdens for the caregivers.10-16 For older adults with cirrhosis, the degree of functional impairment and involvement of informal caregivers has not been well described. The current study used a unique, large national data set to assess health status and functional disability of older individuals with cirrhosis and its complications, as well as estimate the burden and cost of informal caregiving in this population.