Conversely, quadrantectomies showed a significant increase across all the age groups. There was a significant decrease in the number of mastectomies in Northern and Central Italy but not in Southern Italy, where the inter-regional differences were remarkable.

Quadrantectomies significantly increased across all the different Regions (but Valle D’Aosta and Abruzzo) and macro areas considered. This study has several strengths. Data were made available by the Italian Ministry of Health. Given that the hospital discharge records provide the basis for hospital care reimbursement within a OSI906 diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) system, these data are subject to a systematic quality assessment performed at a Regional and central level. Dedicated

programs and multidisciplinary workgroups are in place at the Department of Quality Assessment, Management of Medical Care and Ethics of the Italian Ministry of Health to enhance data accuracy and completeness. Constant efforts have led to substantial improvements in data quality. Demographic data accuracy was high. However, inter-regional differences in the completeness of reporting exist and must be taken into account when considering eFT508 clinical trial these data [12]. We specifically focused on GS-1101 breast cancer patients having undergone mastectomy or quadrantectomy, whose basic requirement is a histologically-confirmed diagnosis of primary breast cancer. At the same time, we excluded women having undergone excision biopsies and tumorectomies. This approach significantly minimized the inclusion of false positive cases. Repeated admissions were identified and discounted over the entire 8-year period. This increases our confidence in the ability of the NHDRs to differentiate PAK5 patients with incident breast cancer cases, included in the present study, from patients with prevalent cancers. Data on repeat admissions were approached in a separate set of analyses (Table 4). Future work will be oriented towards the identification of factors associated with surgery-related hospital readmissions in breast cancer patients, with a specific focus on tumor size and histology, lymph node involvement, type of surgical treatment

and patient demographics. In our analysis, we included data on in situ breast carcinoma. The latter accounted for a small average number of major breast surgeries performed on a yearly basis [i.e., 234 mastectomies (range: 227–301), and 1004 quadrantectomies (range: 725–1300) per year]. In situ breast cancer holds the potentials for malignant transformation. The systematic collection, analysis and reporting of data on carcinoma in situ might help identify risk factors and clarify underlying mechanisms of malignant transformation, thus contributing to breast cancer control research and more targeted treatments [17, 18]. Our study has also some limitations. Based on pre-defined selection criteria, our study population includes women eligible for quadrantectomies or mastectomies.