The advantage of DTI concerns

the ability of random diffusion of water molecules to probe with far greater detail then general imaging techniques [26, 27]. Unlike biopsy techniques, DTI is able to provide the average myofiber dimensions of an selleck kinase inhibitor entire muscle, as opposed to a small sample of the muscle. Part of the DTI analysis involves calculating the mean diffusion of water within a muscle fiber (termed apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA) and the 3 principle directions of water diffusion denoted as Eigen vectors 1, 2 and 3, representative of the local fiber coordinate system [26, 27]. The diffusive transport along the 3 principle directions NCT-501 molecular weight are denoted as eigenvalues 1, 2, and 3 (λ1, λ2, and λ3) which correspond to diffusive transport along the long axis, as well as the long and selleck chemicals short cross-sectional axes of the muscle fibers, respectively [28] (Figure 2). FA is a general measure of the differences in the magnitude of diffusion between the 3 principle directions of diffusion. With smaller cross sectional

areas (CSA), FA increases while larger cross sectional areas decrease FA. Thus, FA is inversely proportional to myofiber size [26, 27]. Figure 2 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of Rat Skeletal Muscle with Regions of Interest for the analysis. Soleus muscle is marked with blue, while lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles are marked with red and green, respectively. DTI datasets of the muscles in 7-noncollinear gradient directions were acquired using a widebore 11.75-T vertical magnet with a Bruker Avance console and Micro2.5 gradients.

Using a 15-mm birdcage coil, spin echo DTI scans were acquired with b values of 0, 500, and 1000 s/mm2 at an in-plane resolution of 50 × 50 μm2 and a slice thickness of 500 μm. The DTI acquisition parameters were as follows: TE = 20.5 ms, TR = 2.75 s, Δ = 12.7 ms and δ = 2.1 ms. Also, a high resolution (40-μm3) 3D gradient-recalled echo (GRE) image was acquired (TE/TR = 10/150 ms) for anatomical and volumetric measurements. After acquisition, the images were processed with MedINRIA http://​wwwsop.​inria.​fr/​asclepios/​software/​MedINRIA/​ to calculate diffusion tensor parameters such as: FA, and λ1, λ2 and λ3. The region of interest (ROI) was chosen in the widest region of the GAS and SOL muscle for processing as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Rucaparib solubility dmso Changes in fat mass among control and HMB conditions in young and older F344 rats. Values are means ± standard deviations. A p < 0.05, main condition effect. * p < 0.05, significantly different from 44 wks baseline, $ significantly different from 86 wks baseline old. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) As previously described in detail we used a relative RT-PCR method using 18S ribosomal RNA as an internal standard was used to determine relative expression levels of target mRNAs [29]. We designed each set of forward and reverse primers using DNA Star Lasergene 7 software.