Application of MCA to cultured astrocytes caused a time and concentration dependent deprivation of cellular glutathione, inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, and loss in find more cell viability with halfmaximal effects observed for MCA concentrations between 0.3

and 3 mM. In contrast, the presence of acetate, DCA, or TCA in a concentration of 10 mM did not compromise cell viability nor affect cellular glutathione content or GAPDH activity. However, the presence of DCA and TCA significantly lowered the rate of cellular lactate production in viable astrocytes. These data demonstrate that the extent of chlorination strongly determines the potential of chlorinated acetates to disturb glutathione and/or glucose metabolism of astrocytes.”
“We have investigated the synthesis conditions and the magnetic properties of X-type hexagonal ferrites. It is found that Ba2Cu2Fe28O46 (Cu2X), Ba2Co2Fe28O46 (Co2X), and Ba2Ni2Fe28O46 (Ni2X) ferrites can be synthesized at a sintering temperature BVD-523 ic50 of 1250 degrees C. The x-ray diffraction patterns for Cu2X, Co2X, and Ni2X samples are in good agreement with the pattern calculated from the atomic coordinates for Ba2Fe30O46 (Fe2X), where two diffraction peaks at Q=2.24 and 2.30 angstrom(-1) are clearly observed in contrast with other M-, W-, Y-, and Z-types hexagonal ferrites. It is also found that the low-temperature spontaneous

magnetizations of Cu2X, Co2X, and Ni2X ferrites are 47.5 mu(B)/f.u., 43.4 mu(B)/f.u., and 43.2 mu(B)/f.u.,

respectively. The cation distributions for Cu2X, Co2X, and Ni2X are discussed within the model of a Neel-type collinear ferrimagnetic structure. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3527933]“
“The human brain efficiently solves certain operations such as object recognition and categorization through a massively parallel network of dedicated processors. However, human cognition also relies on the ability to perform an arbitrarily large set of tasks by flexibly recombining different processors into a novel chain. This flexibility comes at the cost of a severe slowing down and a seriality of operations (100-500 ms per step). A limit on parallel processing is demonstrated in experimental setups such as the psychological PP2 refractory period (PRP) and the attentional blink (AB) in which the processing of an element either significantly delays (PRP) or impedes conscious access (AB) of a second, rapidly presented element. Here we present a spiking-neuron implementation of a cognitive architecture where a large number of local parallel processors assemble together to produce goal-driven behavior. The precise mapping of incoming sensory stimuli onto motor representations relies on a “”router” network capable of flexibly interconnecting processors and rapidly changing its configuration from one task to another.