2%) conditions. The CI group was more accurate in recognizing rising contour in the melodic condition compared with rising intonation in the spoken condition. Pitch ranking was a significant predictor of outcome for both groups in falling intonation and rising melodic contour; age at testing and hearing history variables were not predictive of outcomes.

Conclusion: Children with CIs were VE-821 mouse less accurate than NH children in perception of speech intonation, melodic contour, and pitch ranking. However, the larger pitch excursions of the melodic condition may assist in recognition of the rising inflection associated with the interrogative form.”
“Although some elements of renal physiology can be traced

to scattered references in Greek medical writings,

mainly in Hippocrates’ and Erasistratus’ works, it was Galen who made the first breakthrough observations regarding the function of the kidneys. He often wrote his observations not as a diatribe, but as a confrontation with other physicians, mainly of the Erasistratian School. He outlined the great importance of the disproportionally large blood supply of the kidneys, an over-proportion not observed in any other organ, rightly arguing that this is a teleological procedure to achieve satisfactory body clearance. He challenged the dominant idea that blood purification and hence the formation of urine took place in the large branches of the renal vessels. He strongly check details argued that the special structure of the kidney tissue was responsible for their cathartic ability. Although he had no idea of

the histology of the kidney, he made some beautiful similitudes to explain the filtering capacity of the renal tissue. From Galen onwards, very few changes and additions can be traced in Greek and thereafter Byzantine medical texts, regarding renal physiology. It is Johannes Actuarius who, 12 centuries later, writes an extensive treatise on urine and presents his point of view on renal physiology, mainly as conclusions from the NSC 23766 pathological findings of uroscopy. In the present paper, we compare the 2 physicians’ approaches on the function of the kidneys, which can be attributed to the accumulation of medical knowledge over the 12 centuries that separate them.”
“Background and objective: Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a pulmonary procedure that can be challenging to learn. This study aims to compare trainee EBUS-TBNA performance during clinical procedures, following training with a computer EBUS-TBNA simulator versus conventional clinical EBUS-TBNA training.

Methods: A prospective study of pulmonary trainees performing EBUS-TBNA procedures on patients with suspected lung cancer and mediastinal adenopathy. Two cohorts of trainees were each evaluated while performing EBUS-TBNA on two patients. Group 1 received training by performing 15 cases on an EBUS-TBNA simulator (n = 4) and had never performed a clinical EBUS-TBNA procedure.