588, P = 0.0004), DF (r = 0.487, P = 0.005), LT (r = 0.522, P = 0.002), CD (r = 0.408, P = 0.020), BXB (r = 0.441, P = 0.012), BFB (r = 0.380, P = 0.032), and BNT (r = 0.568, P = 0.0007). Discussion In this study, higher educational attainment in aMCI subjects was correlated with better performance in verbal and nonverbal tasks during Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical repeated examinations over 1-year period. Subjects with low level of education performed worse than patients with high level of education who presented

a more “stable” clinical course. These findings provide support for a TGF-beta inhibitor cognitive reserve that could alter not only the onset of the symptoms but also the clinical rate slowing the cognitive decline during the predementia phase. The neurobiologic mechanisms responsible for the association Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical between education and cognitive functions are not known. One plausible explanation is that education impacts the rate at which plaques and tangles accumulate in the brain. Snowdon et al. (1996) found a relation

between early life linguistic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ability and density of neurofibrillary tangles. In contrast, Del Ser et al. (1999) did not reproduce the former correlation in their autopsy study evaluating patients with AD and Lewy body dementia. In fact, many studies agree that although the education level does not directly impact the accumulation of AD pathology, it can delay the clinical onset of the symptoms (Katzman et al. 1988; Stern et al. 1992a; Stern et al. 1995; Friedland et al. 2001). Alexander et al. (1997), using positron emission tomography, found that premorbid intellectual ability as it estimated by a demographics-based IQ and performance on a measure of word-reading task was inversely correlated with cerebral metabolism in prefrontal, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical premotor, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical parietal, and other cerebral regions among patients of similar dementia severity levels and concluded that higher intellectual ability altered the clinical expression of dementia. In other words, a better task performance that is related with higher education seems to mask the clinical expression of a higher

degree of neurodegeneration Digestive enzyme (Bennett et al. 2003; Perneczky et al. 2006; Scarmeas et al. 2006; Stern et al. 1992b). The potential association of this reserve mechanism with the course of disease in MCI individuals is intriguing and of potential clinical interest. AD pathology seems to progress independently from educational and occupational attainment, and when pathology becomes very severe, there is no longer a substrate for cognitive reserve to come into play (Stern 2002). The results about the rate of cognitive decline in AD patients are inconsistent, supporting a slower decline (Fritsch et al. 2001), no decline (Wilson et al. 2004), or accelerated decline (Teri et al. 1995; Wilson et al. 2000; Wilson et al. 2009; Zahodne et al. 2011) in higher educated subjects.