APC activation is therefore a necessary prerequisite for an efficient adaptive immune response. DCs not only provide antigen and co-stimulation to naïve T cells, but also contribute to the initial commitment of naïve T helper cells into Th1, Th2 or other subsets. This directs the efficient induction of T helper cells selleck chemical with appropriate cytokine profiles early during infections, without the need for direct contact between antigen-specific T cells and pathogens. Undigested pathogen-derived antigens are also drained by the lymph and transported to the B cell-rich area of the lymph node, where they are exposed to BCR-expressing cells. An

adaptive immune response is therefore initiated in a draining lymph node by the concerted action of innate immune cells and free antigens. These activate T and B lymphocytes, respectively, to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory cells. The type of communication employed by the immune system represents a unique approach to multi-system signalling and communication over distances. As well as employing the soluble mediators – proinflammatory messengers, chemokines and soluble danger signals – the immune system uses migratory APCs to physically transport messages from the periphery to the induction sites of adaptive immune response, eg in lymph nodes. Notably, by selectively migrating in response to infectious/cell-damaging events, DCs act as filters

for the adaptive immune response, helping T and B cells to ignore innocuous foreign antigens. Thus, the innate immune response plays an important role in selecting antigens that represent a real SB431542 concentration threat to the organism that requires an adequate adaptive response. The response to pathogens in humans takes place over a large anatomical distance and in distinct phases, which are summarised in Figure 2.9. The innate immune response is initiated at the site of challenge when a foreign entity triggers a defensive response, which is mediated by chemical signals. These signals attract responding innate immune cells (monocytes, DCs etc) which travel to the site and engulf fragments of the pathogen. The monocytes and DCs then leave

the site via lymphatic vessels and begin to mature and Dolutegravir differentiate, while travelling to the local draining lymph nodes. Differentiation gives rise to APCs that interact with naïve T cells at the lymph nodes and bear receptors for the antigenic peptides expressed on the surface of the APC. Molecular, antigenic and cytokine signals combine to direct the differentiation and activation of CD4+ T cells into distinct effector subtypes. This is the induction phase of the adaptive immune response. A sub-population of CD4+ T cells differentiates into memory cells, which are capable of responding rapidly on repeat exposure to the same antigen. CD8+ T cells also receive antigenic and cytokine stimulation from APCs and undergo differentiation either into memory-type cells or armed effector cytotoxic cells.