Beside mutations in the LMNA gene that give rise to eight different laminopathic phenotypes, other diseases are linked to mutations in lamin A-related proteins, namely the ZMPSTE24

endoprotease, which catalyses prelamin A maturation, the nuclear envelope constituents emerin, nesprin 1 and 2 and BAF, the lamina-associated protein LAP2alpha, which interact with lamin A/C, chromatin and cytoskeleton proteins. The clinical phenotype of each laminopathy has been described in relationship with mutations in the lamin A/C gene. The high degree of interfamilial and intrafamilial variability in clinical severity 3-MA research buy observed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical among patients (7), possibly due to modifier loci or allelic differences, takes it difficult Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to correlate the genotype with the phenotype. Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy The clinical spectrum of laminopathies was discussed with a special emphasis on the tissue-specificity of the various laminopathies and the overlapping clinical features (8). A detailed analysis of diagnostic protocols for EDMD, Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B and congenital LMNA-linked muscular dystrophy (9-13) has been presented by Tiziana Mongini, Eugenio Mercuri, Lucia Morandi, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Antonella Pini, Stefano Previtali, Nicola Carboni

and Adele D’Amico. Mercuri and D’Amico described the Dropped Head Syndrome in young patients affected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by EDMD, which they suggest to consider it as a clinical sign of laminopathy. Mongini and Carboni reported mild phenotypes of EDMD, even in aged patients with minimal contractures and difficulty in climbing stairs or in patients undergoing muscle biopsy for different causes such as hyperCKemia or myalgias in the course of therapy with statin, a widely used anticholesterol agent. Morandi Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reported typical

aspects of histochemistry and immunohisto-chemistry in biopsies from EDMD patients, showing different phenotype depending on the affected muscle. Pini presented the flow-chart for diagnosis and follow-up of children with EDMD (Figs. 1, ​,22). Figure 1. Flow chart for diagnosis and follow-up of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Figure 2. Flow chart for diagnosis and follow-up of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction defects A special emphasis was made on the cardiac diseases (14, 15) with the aim to give recommendations for clinical management of these disorders and the Tryptophan synthase use of implantable devices. Elena Biagini reviewed the cardiac phenotype of laminopathies and highlighted the existence of undiagnosed cases, especially in patients followed in standard cardiological units. Luisa Politano underlined that patients with mutations in LMNA gene presented an increased risk of cardiac sudden death and reported the flow-chart for diagnosis and fundamental clinical follow-up of patients with CMD-DC (Fig.