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mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell 2007,130(5):797–810.PubMedCrossRef 19. Drlica K, Malik M, Kerns RJ, Zhao X: Quinolone-mediated bacterial death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008,52(2):385–392.PubMedCrossRef 20. Nishino T: selleck screening library An electron microscopic study of antagonism between cephalexin

and erythromycin in Staphylococcus aureus . Jpn J Microbiol 1975,19(1):53–63.PubMed 21. Katayama Y, Zhang H-Z, Chambers HF: Effect of disruption of Staphylococcus aureus PBP4 gene on resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. IWR-1 solubility dmso Microb Drug Resist 2003,9(4):329–336.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions RS and MT performed technical experiments and statistical analysis. JG participated in image acquisition and image analysis. GB participated in the find more design of the study and data analysis. MCF performed standard microbiological procedures. JLF conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Studies on actinorhizal symbioses have benefitted greatly from several genome sequences of the actinobacterial symbiont Frankia sp. strains. Such strains induce root nodules and fix N2 in a broad array of plants [1]. The smallest frankial genome finished to date is that of Frankia sp. HFPCcI3 (CcI3) that infects plants of the Org 27569 family Casuarinaceae;

it is about 5.4 Mbp in size and encodes 4499 CDS [2]. A striking feature of the CcI3 genome is the presence of over 200 transposase genes or gene remnants that may play, or have played, a role in genome plasticity [3]. In addition, relative to other Frankia sp. genomes that have been sequenced, CcI3 contains few gene duplicates [2]. Comparative genome studies suggest that evolution has favored gene deletion rather than duplication in this strain, perhaps as an outcome of its symbiotic focus on a single, geographically limited group of plants in the Casuarinaceae [2]. Transcriptome sequencing of bacterial genomes has yielded surprising complexity (for a review see [4]). Such studies have shown differential cistron transcription within operons [5], small regulatory RNA transcripts [6–9] and numerous riboswitch controlled transcripts [10, 11].