DISCUSSION This study aimed to alter smoking behavior and attitudes Crenolanib side effects toward smoking in order to reduce ETS exposure for nonsmokers, specifically women and children since most smokers in Egypt are adult males. Our results showed that the study��s community-based intervention had an overall positive impact in both aspects of tobacco control. The results also support findings from previous research that community-based education and enforced smoking bans in public areas are effective measures for reducing ETS exposure. One of the most widely known and successful programs for reducing ETS exposure has been the California Tobacco Program (Bal, Lloyd, Roeseler, & Shimizu, 2001; Rohrbach et al., 2002). The program had multiple components, including the reduction of ETS through local policies and public education programs.

Campaigns that focused on encouraging families to restrict smoking in their homes and cars resulted in a significant decrease in the proportion of 10th grade youths who reported being exposed to ETS in the previous week over a 2-year period. In 10 studies reviewed in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Community Guide (Hopkins et al., 2001 ; Zaza, Briss and Harris, 2005), all demonstrated a positive effect of clean indoor air regulations, at both the local and state levels, on reduced consumption, lower prevalence of smoking, and increased cessation. Our intervention demonstrated success in educating respondents about the hazards of smoking and ETS and how to respond.

For example, we saw an increase in knowledge: in the questions asking whether participants had received information on the common effects of smoking on children, adults, and pregnant women, the intervention group reported significantly higher rates of affirmative responses than the control group. Our results also showed a greater increase from pre- to postintervention in the number of respondents, particularly those in the intervention group, who recognized that smoking shisha is not a safer alternative to cigarettes. This is in alignment with two reports released by the World Health Organization (Mohamed, Loffredo, & Israel, 2006; World Health Organization, 2005). The greatest behavior change was seen in both groups demonstrating a greater ability to ask smokers to stop smoking and to implement total or partial smoking bans in the home.

Regarding smokers, the results of our Brefeldin_A study support the evidence (Fiore et al., 2008; Lancaster, Stead, Silagy, & Sowden, 2000) that changes in smokers�� behaviors are difficult to achieve, as these behaviors become entrenched through the addictive components in tobacco and the social rituals surrounding the act of smoking. This study found that neither the control nor intervention group showed any changes in the number of current smokers or in rates for quitting during the study��s time period. This might be attributed to the lack of smoking cessation clinics offering professional help to smokers who wanted to quit.