Figure 2 Fumonisin B 2 production. Levels of fumonisin B2 (μg/cm2) produced by A. niger IBT 28144 on media containing check details 3% lactate, 3 % starch, 3 % starch + 1.5 % lactate and 3 % starch + 3 % lactate. Average values ± standard

deviations (n = 3-18). Figure 3 Secondary metabolite production. Production of selected secondary metabolites produced by A. niger IBT 28144 on media containing 3% starch, 3% starch + 3% lactate and 3% lactate. Data based on average peak area per cm2 (n = 3) calculated as percentage of maximum value obtained for each metabolite. We considered whether the effect of lactate in combination with starch could be due to a specific induction of secondary metabolite synthesis by lactate and if this could constitute some kind of antimicrobial defence. However we found that pyruvate, a product of L-lactate degradation (eq. 1 and 2), had a similar effect (Table 1), which makes an effect of lactate itself unlikely and to a higher degree pointing to an effect of lactate degradation. Table 1 Fumonisin B2 production on different carbon sources

Supplemented carbon source Fumonisin B2 1,2 (μg/cm2) n3 3% Starch 2.89 ± 0.63 a 18 3% Starch + 3% maltose 2.61 ± 0.74 a 3 3% Starch + 3% xylose 2.06 ± 0.28 a 3 3% Starch + 3% lactate 7.49 ± 2.10 b 14 3% Starch + 3% pyruvate 5.06 see more ± 0.60 b 3 3% Lactate 0.86 ± 0.34 c 15 1) FB2 produced (average ± standard deviation) by A. niger IBT 28144 after 66-67 hours on media supplemented with the indicated carbon sources. 2) Different letters indicate statistically significant differences using Fisher’s least significant difference procedure (95% confidence). 3) Number of replicates. While it is well known that starch is degraded by extracellular enzymes to maltose and glucose, transported into the cell and then entering glycolysis, we may assume that lactate is transported into the cell by a lactate transporter Phosphoprotein phosphatase and mainly metabolized

JNJ-26481585 molecular weight further to pyruvate by a L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) or a L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.1.2.3), both are predicted to be present in the genome. While the medium with 3% starch + 3% lactate contains approximately the double amount of added carbon source (the yeast extract contains carbon sources as well) compared to the media with 3% starch or 3% lactate alone, it is possible that this is partly counteracted by carbon catabolite repression of the lactate transporter, as the activity of the lactate transporter in yeast, Jen1p, is inversely related to the concentration of repressing sugar [31]. The available energy contributed from 3% lactate is expected to be a bit lower than from 3% starch, as less ATP is generated from 2 lactate (eq. 1 and 2) than from 1 glucose (eq. 3).