g., current depression, current use of antidepressant medications), and whether gender or race was covaried for or included as an interaction term in the analyses of depression and smoking outcomes. In addition kinase inhibitor Bosutinib to frequency and descriptive statistics, differences by type of study and whether studies found a significant impact of depression on smoking cessation outcomes were examined using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squares for categorical variables. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS v.16.0 software for PC (SPSS, Inc.). Statistical tests were two-tailed and differences were considered significant when p < .05. RESULTS Study Characteristics General Study Characteristics A total of 190 articles published between 1990 and 2010 were identified through the literature search and individually examined.

Of the 190 articles, 68 (36%) met all the criteria to be included in the review. Table 1 shows a summary of characteristics for studies that examined smoking cessation outcomes for adults with depression as compared with adults without depression (DEP/CON, n = 57) and Table 2 shows a summary of characteristics for studies that examined smoking cessation outcomes within samples were restricted to only adults with depression (DEP/DEP, n = 11). An increasing number of articles examined smoking cessation treatment and depression over time (1990�C1994, n = 3; 1995�C1999, n = 13; 2000�C2004, n = 19; 2005�C2010, n = 33). Sixty-five percent of studies included a general sample of smokers while 35% of studies examined a subgroup of smokers (e.g.

, smokers with medical illnesses, adolescent smokers; see Tables 1 and and2).2). Table 1. Study Characteristics for Studies That Compared Smoking Treatment Outcomes for Smokers With and Without Depression Table 2. Study Characteristics for Studies That Examined Smoking Treatment Outcomes for Samples With Depression Funding Agency Nearly two-third of studies (64.7%; n = 44) reported a single source of funding while 25% reported multiple sources and 10.3% did not report a funding source. Government agencies were the most common source of funding (n = 52, 85.2% of studies that listed at least one source of funding) Additional sources of funding were pharmaceutical companies (n = 12), private foundations (n = 9), and university sources (n = 5). The majority of the research was conducted in the United States (88.

2%) with additional research conducted in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Turkey, and Iceland. Two studies, led by researchers located Anacetrapib in the United States, collected data in multiple countries. Sample Size (Tables 1 and and22) The sample sizes of the reviewed studies ranged from 25 to 3,056 with a mean sample size of 402 (SD = 497) and a median sample size of 250. Mean Age of Participants Forty-nine studies reported the average age of their participant sample (range = 16�C59 years old) and three-quarter of the mean ages fell between 40 and 49 years.