g., dental, primary care, etc.). Point prevalence of tobacco use was measured by the questions, ��Have you smoked, even a puff, in the last 7 days?�� and ��Have you used smokeless tobacco, even one dip, in the last 7 days?�� and prolonged abstinence was measured as no tobacco use since the prior assessment. Self-reported abstinence was selleck catalog not biochemically verified due to the public health nature of this trial. Participants were also asked about their receipt of intervention components, health status, and use of allopathic and complementary/alternative medical services. Our primary outcome was prolonged abstinence (no tobacco use for at least 9 months) reported at the 12-month assessment. Results Patient demographics Patients were predominantly White (89.2%), female (62.3%), married (53.

3%), and an average of 42 years old (SD = 13.8). The vast majority had at least a high school education (91.0%) but had an annual income of less than $40,000 (63.9%). Patients reported an average of 3.8 visits (SD = 1.7) to a chiropractor and 3.5 visits (SD = 1.6) to an allopathic provider in the previous year. Patient tobacco use Of the 201 subjects in the sample, 156 (78.7%) were exclusively cigarette smokers, 13 (6.5%) were exclusively tobacco chewers, and 29 (14.6%) used more than one form of tobacco. Based on the number of unique patient visits during the enrollment period, the number of enrolled tobacco users and the number of tobacco-using patients who declined to participate, we estimated a tobacco use prevalence rate of only 7% among participating chiropractic practices.

Participants reported having smoked for an average of 21.2 years (SD = 14.3), and 60.1% reported that they used tobacco less than 30 min after waking each morning. Patients reported high levels of readiness to quit (average = 7.7 on a scale of 0�C10, with 10 being the highest; SD = 2.5). Primary outcome analyses Outcome analyses were conducted for exclusive smokers, as the number of smokeless tobacco users and users of multiple products were too small to obtain meaningful results. For these data, we used an imputation method, which estimates missing values using an iterative process (Little & Rubin, 1987). There were 156 participants who exclusively smoked cigarettes. Using a conservative intent-to-treat approach, assuming all nonresponders to be continued smokers, 13 (8.

3%) reported 7-day abstinence at 6 weeks, 22 (14.1%) at the 6-month follow-up, and 35 (22.4%) at the 12-month assessment. Eleven participants (7.1%) reported prolonged abstinence at the 6-month follow-up, and 15 (9.6%) reported prolonged abstinence Brefeldin_A at 12 months. Of the 115 who provided complete data at all three follow-up assessments, 11.3% reported 7-day abstinence at 6 weeks, 19.1% at the 6-month follow-up, and 30.4% at the 12-month assessment. Almost 10% (9.