Hygrophorus and making it a new subgenus; we have retained subg. Camarophyllus (Fr.) Fr. and emend it by LXH254 molecular weight removing species of Cuphophyllus and other unrelated taxa. As both morphological characters and ecology in Fries’ time were broadly described, later mycologists applied the names based on their own experiences.

Thus regional traditions in naming species have developed and it is obvious that the same name is used for different species but also that different names are applied to the same fungus. For example, Fries selected H. eburneus as type species for Hygrophorus – the only white Hygrophorus species name sanctioned by Fries in Systema Mycologicum (Fries 1821). Fries described H. eburneus as a common species growing in deciduous forest. Most mycologists later interpreted H. eburneus as a species growing with Fagus, which is likely correct as Fagus forests were common in Femsjö and Lund near where Fries lived. In 1835 Fries moved to Uppsala where Fagus Selleck HM781-36B is absent and instead forests are dominated by Betula, Picea, and Pinus. This likely contributed to the change in species interpretation in later descriptions. In Sweden, the species growing with Picea that was long regarded as H. eburneus (Lundell and Evofosfamide cell line Nannfeldt

1939) is now known as H. piceae Kühner. The number of Hygrophorus species recognized worldwide has grown to about 100 (Kirk et al. 2008) with contributions from Velenovsky (1920), Kühner (1949), Hesler and Smith (1963), Moser (1967), Arnolds (1979), Gröger (1980) and Orton (1984), and new species and varieties are continually discovered and described (eg. Jacobsson and Larsson 2007; Pérez-de-Gregorio et al. 2009). With the exception of the monograph by Hesler and Smith (1963), in which North American species are treated together with some of the European names, most

monographs are regional. There is no recent monograph and classification that considers all described species. In this study sequences of 19 species in Hygrophorus were generated including the types of the four sections of Hygrophorus accepted by Singer (1986); Hygrophorus – H. eburneus; Pudorini – H. pudorinus; Discoidei – H. discoideus; Colorati – H. olivaceoalbus. Our Supermatrix and ITS phylogenies show eight to nine clades, but their composition many does not correspond well with the morphology based classifications of Hesler and Smith (1963), Singer (1986) or Arnolds (1990). A more detailed, five-gene analysis by Larsson (2010 and unpublished data) shows a 13-clade tree. The best concordance with our ITS and the five-gene phylogeny by E. Larsson (unpublished and 2010) is found with some infrageneric taxa delineated by Bataille (1910) and Candusso (1997), so we used or emended these to minimize changes. Hygrophorus subgen. Hygrophorus [autonym] (1849). Type species: Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull. : Fr.) Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 321 (1836) [1836–1838] ≡ Agaricus eburneus Bull., Herb. Fr. 3: tab. 118 (1780) : Fr.