In contrast to the LC-MS based approaches, the direct infusion-based MS analysis first allows a full mass spectrum that displays molecular ions of individual species of a class in the infused solution. Next, many tandem mass spectra can be acquired for detailed structural and quantitative analysis under a constant concentration of solution during direct infusion and without the time constraints encountered with LC-MS during its “on the fly” analysis. These tandem MS approaches applied include precursor ion scanning (PIS) of particular fragment ions, neutral loss scanning (NLS) of specific neutral loss fragments, and #Selleck GSK2656157 keyword# product ion scanning of molecular ions of interest, each of which has been widely applied in

direct infusion-based MS to facilitate the high-throughput analysis of a cellular lipidome on a global scale. The direct infusion-based MS analysis of lipids has been termed shotgun lipidomics. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical There are at least three platforms for shotgun lipidomics: (1) lipid class diagnostic MS/MS-based technologies; (2) high mass accuracy/high mass resolution MS-based technologies; and (3) multi-dimensional MS-based technologies. 4.1. Class-Diagnostic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MS/MS-Based Shotgun

Lipidomics The class-diagnostic MS/MS-based shotgun lipidomics utilizes PIS or NLS or both to monitor one or more class-specific fragments that are typically associated with the head group or the loss of the head group of a lipid class to analyze individual species within the class [37,38]. This approach generally requires at least two internal standards to correct for the effects of differential fragmentation kinetics of individual species for the accurate

profiling and quantification. The differential fragmentation kinetics Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical results from the distinct chemical constitution (including acyl chain lengths and unsaturation) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of individual species and can lead to species-dependent MS/MS mass spectra after collision-inducted dissociation (CID) [39]. The selection of the two or more internal standards should well represent the chemical structures that span the entire class of interest and a calibration curve is typically determined from the internal standards for the quantification of the species of the entire class. This quantification method is simple, efficient, and suitable for high throughput lipid analysis. The doubling filtering process of MS/MS enhances the S/N typically by over an order of magnitude. Many laboratories these have adopted this approach for profiling and quantifying lipid species. For example, Welti and colleagues have applied this method as an essential tool for plant lipidomics [40]. Hsu and Turk have extensively characterized the fragmentation patterns of various lipid classes and profiled individual species using identified class-specific fragments in multiple classes/subclasses (e.g., subclasses of cerebrosides and choline phospholipids) [41,42].