In the USA, this adolescent peak of invasive meningococcal disease is associated with a higher fatality rate than that in infants

or children [4]. In the USA, the aggregate of cases caused by serogroups C (30.9%), W-135 and non-groupables SB203580 concentration (8.9%), and Y (25.2%) together tend to account for the majority of meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults [5] and [6]. In Europe in 2006, the majority of cases of meningococcal disease were caused by serogroups B and C, with a small proportion of cases caused by serogroups W-135 and Y [7]. The dynamic nature of meningococcal disease epidemiology was illustrated by a dramatic increase in the proportion of cases caused by serogroup Y in the USA, from 2% during 1989–1991 to 28% during 1997–2003 [8]. Similar trends have been reported in Latin America. In Colombia, serogroup Y has increased from 0% in 1994 to 50% in 2006 [9], whereas in Argentina, the latest surveillance in 2008 reports that serogroup

W-135 AZD0530 manufacturer makes up 28% of overall disease versus 6% in 2006 [10]. These examples demonstrate the unpredictable and changing meningococcal disease epidemiology and, therefore, the need for broad protection against meningococcal disease. When a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) was licensed in the USA, it was immediately recommended for use in adolescents by the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). As the number of vaccines recommended for adolescents is increasing; current ACIP recommendations state that the combined tetanus (T), reduced-antigen diphtheria (d), and reduced-antigen acellular pertussis (ap) vaccine (Tdap), human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, and MCV4 be administered to adolescents 11–18 years of age, and if possible, should be given at the same visit [11]. Among adolescents, compliance with recommended vaccination visits is low, as multiple visits for vaccination may not be seen as a priority for otherwise

healthy individuals. In the USA in 2007, estimated vaccination coverage rates among adolescents 13–17 years of age fell well short of the Healthy People Mephenoxalone 2010 90% coverage target rate [12] for MCV4 (32.4%), Td or Tdap (72.3%), and HPV vaccine (25.1%) [13]. Concomitant use of these vaccines would minimize required physician visits for adolescents, and could lead to increased compliance and overall coverage. It is therefore important that studies are performed to analyse the immunogenicity and tolerability of concomitant use of these vaccines. This Phase III study evaluated an investigational quadrivalent meningococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-CRM, developed by Novartis Vaccines, when administered concomitantly or sequentially with Tdap and HPV. Between July 2007 and April 2008, a Phase III, single-centre, open-label, controlled, randomized study (V59P18; clinicaltrials.