Neuroimaging's importance spans across the entire spectrum of brain tumor treatment. Oral mucosal immunization The clinical diagnostic efficacy of neuroimaging, bolstered by technological progress, now functions as a critical supplement to patient histories, physical evaluations, and pathological assessments. Differential diagnoses and surgical planning are improved in presurgical evaluations, thanks to the integration of advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging. Differentiating tumor progression from treatment-related inflammatory change, a common clinical conundrum, finds assistance in novel applications of perfusion imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), spectroscopy, and new positron emission tomography (PET) tracers.
Patients with brain tumors will experience improved clinical care thanks to the use of the latest, most sophisticated imaging techniques.
Employing cutting-edge imaging technologies will enable higher-quality clinical care for patients diagnosed with brain tumors.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of imaging techniques and associated findings for frequent skull base tumors, including meningiomas, and their use in guiding surveillance and treatment decisions.
A readily available cranial imaging infrastructure has led to an elevated incidence of incidentally detected skull base neoplasms, warranting a deliberate assessment of whether observation or therapeutic intervention is necessary. Growth and displacement of a tumor are determined by the original site and progress of the tumor itself. The meticulous evaluation of vascular impingement on CT angiography, accompanied by the pattern and degree of bone invasion displayed on CT images, is critical for successful treatment planning. In the future, quantitative analyses of imaging, including radiomics, might provide a clearer picture of the link between phenotype and genotype.
By combining CT and MRI imaging, the diagnostic clarity of skull base tumors is improved, revealing their point of origin and determining the appropriate treatment boundaries.
Employing both CT and MRI technologies in a combined approach yields improved accuracy in diagnosing skull base tumors, identifies their source, and determines the necessary treatment extent.

The International League Against Epilepsy's Harmonized Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Structural Sequences (HARNESS) protocol is key to the analysis in this article of the essential role of optimal epilepsy imaging, in addition to the utilization of multimodality imaging in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. selleck products Evaluating these images, especially within the context of clinical information, follows a precise, step-by-step methodology.
High-resolution MRI protocols are becoming increasingly crucial for evaluating epilepsy, particularly in new diagnoses, chronic cases, and those resistant to medication. This article examines the range of MRI findings associated with epilepsy and their significance in clinical practice. Media degenerative changes Preoperative epilepsy assessment gains significant strength from the implementation of multimodality imaging, especially in cases where MRI fails to identify any relevant pathology. To optimize epilepsy localization and selection of optimal surgical candidates, correlating clinical presentation, video-EEG data, positron emission tomography (PET), ictal subtraction SPECT, magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional MRI, and advanced neuroimaging methods, like MRI texture analysis and voxel-based morphometry, facilitates identification of subtle cortical lesions, particularly focal cortical dysplasias.
To effectively localize neuroanatomy, the neurologist must meticulously examine the clinical history and seizure phenomenology, both key components. In cases where multiple lesions are visible on MRI scans, the clinical picture, when integrated with advanced neuroimaging, is indispensable for accurately pinpointing the epileptogenic lesion and detecting subtle lesions. The presence of a discernible MRI lesion in patients is associated with a 25-fold improvement in the probability of attaining seizure freedom following epilepsy surgery compared to those lacking such a lesion.
The neurologist's distinctive contribution lies in their understanding of clinical histories and seizure manifestations, the essential elements of neuroanatomical localization. The clinical context, coupled with advanced neuroimaging, markedly affects the identification of subtle MRI lesions, and, crucially, finding the epileptogenic lesion amidst multiple lesions. A 25-fold improvement in the likelihood of achieving seizure freedom through epilepsy surgery is observed in patients presenting with an MRI-confirmed lesion, in contrast to those without such a finding.

The objective of this article is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of different types of nontraumatic central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhages and the various neuroimaging methods used to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
The 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study found that intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for a substantial 28% of the total global stroke burden. Within the United States, 13% of all strokes are attributable to hemorrhagic stroke. With age, the incidence of intraparenchymal hemorrhage increases substantially; therefore, despite improved blood pressure control via public health endeavors, the incidence remains high as the population ages. A recent, longitudinal study of aging, when examined through autopsy, exhibited intraparenchymal hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in 30% to 35% of the participants.
Rapid diagnosis of CNS hemorrhage, encompassing intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage types, necessitates either a head CT scan or brain MRI. Upon detection of hemorrhage in a screening neuroimaging study, the configuration of the blood within the image, when considered in conjunction with the patient's history and physical assessment, can influence subsequent neuroimaging, laboratory, and ancillary tests needed to understand the cause. After pinpointing the origin of the problem, the primary therapeutic goals are to halt the spread of the hemorrhage and to prevent subsequent complications such as cytotoxic cerebral edema, brain compression, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Furthermore, the topic of nontraumatic spinal cord hemorrhage will also be examined in a concise manner.
Prompt diagnosis of CNS hemorrhage, including intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage subtypes, hinges on either head CT or brain MRI imaging. If a hemorrhage is discovered during the initial neuroimaging, the blood's configuration, coupled with the patient's history and physical examination, can help determine the subsequent neurological imaging, laboratory, and supplementary tests needed for causative investigation. Once the source of the issue has been determined, the core goals of the treatment plan are to minimize the spread of hemorrhage and prevent secondary complications like cytotoxic cerebral edema, brain compression, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Subsequently, a limited exploration of nontraumatic spinal cord hemorrhage will also be explored.

The evaluation of acute ischemic stroke symptoms frequently uses the imaging modalities detailed in this article.
2015 saw a notable advancement in acute stroke care procedures with the general implementation of mechanical thrombectomy. Subsequent randomized, controlled trials in 2017 and 2018 revolutionized stroke treatment, expanding the eligibility criteria for thrombectomy through the incorporation of imaging-based patient selection. This development led to a higher frequency of perfusion imaging procedures. The ongoing debate, following years of consistent use, revolves around precisely when this supplementary imaging becomes essential versus when it inadvertently prolongs critical stroke treatment. More than ever, a substantial and insightful understanding of neuroimaging techniques, their use in practice, and their interpretation is vital for any practicing neurologist.
The initial assessment of patients with acute stroke symptoms frequently utilizes CT-based imaging, given its extensive availability, swift nature of acquisition, and safety profile. IV thrombolysis treatment decisions can be reliably made based solely on a noncontrast head CT. CT angiography's sensitivity and reliability allow for precise and dependable identification of large-vessel occlusions. Advanced imaging, comprising multiphase CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI, and MR perfusion, offers additional data that can help with therapeutic choices in specific clinical situations. Prompt neuroimaging, accurately interpreted, is essential to facilitate timely reperfusion therapy in every scenario.
CT-based imaging's widespread availability, rapid imaging capabilities, and safety profile make it the preferred initial diagnostic tool for evaluating patients experiencing acute stroke symptoms in the majority of medical centers. For the purpose of determining suitability for IV thrombolysis, a noncontrast head CT scan alone suffices. For reliable large-vessel occlusion assessment, the highly sensitive nature of CT angiography is crucial. Advanced imaging modalities, including multiphase CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI, and MR perfusion, yield supplementary information pertinent to therapeutic choices in specific clinical presentations. Neuroimaging, performed and interpreted swiftly, is vital for the timely administration of reperfusion therapy in every instance.

The diagnosis of neurologic diseases depends critically on MRI and CT imaging, each method uniquely suited to answering specific clinical queries. Despite their generally favorable safety profiles in clinical practice, due to consistent efforts to minimize risks, these imaging methods both possess potential physical and procedural hazards that practitioners should recognize, as discussed within this article.
Improvements in the comprehension and management of MR and CT safety risks have been achieved recently. MRI's magnetic fields can produce hazardous consequences like projectile accidents, radiofrequency burns, and detrimental effects on implanted devices, sometimes resulting in severe patient injuries and fatalities.