Patient demographics, the performed procedure, adverse drug reactions, hemodynamic data and the results of blood gas analysis were documented with a focus on changes in acid-base, electrolyte and hemoglobin concentrations.
Results: Of 396 enrolled patients (ASA I-III; age 2.3 +/- 3, range SNX-5422 datasheet day of birth – 12 years; body weight 10.8 +/- 9, range 0.9-52 kg),
249 received ns-HES and 147 bal-HES (mean volume infused 9.9 +/- 4 and 9.4 +/- 6.9 ml.kg(-1), respectively). After HES infusion, hemoglobin decreased in both groups, whereas bicarbonate and base excess (BE) decreased only with ns-HES and remained stable with bal-HES (BE before infusion: ns-HES -1.8 +/- 2.8, bal-HES -1.7 +/- 2.7 mmol.l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES -2.6 +/- 2.4; bal-HES -1.6 +/- 2.6 mmol-l(-1), P < 0.05). Chloride (CI) concentrations increased in both groups and were significantly higher with ns-HES (CI before infusion: ns-HES 105.6 +/- 3.7, bal-HES 105.1 +/- 2.8 mmol.l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES 107.7 +/- 3.2, bal-HES 106.3 +/- 2.9 mmol-l(-1), P < 0.01). No serious adverse drug reactions were observed.
Conclusion: Infusion related iatrogenic acid-base and electrolyte alterations can be minimized by using hydroxyethyl starch in a balanced electrolyte solution instead of normal
saline.”
“Human cadaveric study measuring the morphology PARP phosphorylation of C2 vertebra, description of anterior placement of pedicle screw with post-fixation computed tomography (CT) analysis.
To assess the potential feasibility LY2835219 purchase and safety anterior placement of C2 pedicle screws.
Posterior pedicle screw fixation has become an established technique for upper cervical reconstruction. To our knowledge few reports in the previous literature have described the placement of or anatomy related to anteriorly approach C2 pedicle screws.
The morphology of 60 human C2 vertebrae was measured directly to assess the size, position, and relative approach angle of the pedicles from an anterior perspective. In an additional 20 cadaveric cervical spines, bilateral 3.5
mm titanium C2 pedicle screws were placed and analyzed for pedicle morphology and placement accuracy with thin cut, 1 mm axial CT.
The mean C2 pedicle width measured directly and by CT scan was 7.8 and 6.6 mm, and the average length of the right and left pedicle was 26.4 and 25 mm, respectively. The mean transverse angle (alpha) was 17.6A degrees and 21.4A degrees, whereas declination angle (beta) anterior to posterior was 13.8A degrees and 10.6A degrees, respectively.
Quantitative data regarding C2 pedicle shape and location with respect to the anterior placement of pedicle screws have not been previously reported. This study indicates that anterior placement of 3.5 mm C2 pedicle screws through a transoral approach may be both feasible and safe and also provides an important anatomic analysis that may guide clinical application.