Prions passaged once in Gps from cases of sporadic (s) CreutzfeldtJakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease caused by the P102L mutation were used, as well as human prions from a variant (v) CJD case, bovine prions from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and mousepassaged scrapie prions. Variant

CJD and BSE prions transmitted to all the inoculated Gps with incubation times of 367 +/- 4 and 436 +/- 28 days, respectively. On second passage in Gps, vCJD and BSE prions caused disease LY2874455 cost in 287 +/- 4 and 310 +/- 4 days, whereas sCJD and GSS prions transmitted in 237 +/- 4 and 279 +/- 19 days, respectively. Although hamster Sc237 prions transmitted to two of three Gps after 574 and 792 days, mouse-passaged RML and 301V prion strains, the latter derived from BSE prions, failed to transmit disease to Gps. Those Gps inoculated with vCJD or BSE prions exhibited ‘type 2′ unglycosylated, rPrP(Sc) (19 kDa), whereas those receiving FK506 in vitro sCJD or GSS prions displayed ‘type 1′ prions (21 kDa), as determined by western blotting.

Such strain-specific properties were maintained in Gps as well as mice expressing a chimeric human/mouse transgene. Gps may prove particularly useful in further studies of novel human prions such as those causing vCJD. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 1326-1336; doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.89; published online 4 July 2011″
“Filamins are large actin-binding proteins that stabilize delicate three-dimensional actin filament networks and link them to cellular membranes where they integrate cell architectural and signaling Morin Hydrate functions important for cell locomotion. Filamins have been shown to bind to proteins with diverse functions and are implicated in human genetic diseases including malformations of the skeleton, brain, and heart. Mouse models of filamin deficiency have advanced our understanding of the important roles filamins play in embryonic development

and disease progression. These studies provide clear evidence that cytoskeletal filamin proteins integrate cell signaling, transcription and organ development. This review focuses on the emerging roles of filamins in cell signaling and transcription, with emphasis on cell motility and organ development.”
“The influence of the selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist prucalopride on acetylcholine release from cholinergic nerve endings innervating pig gastric circular muscle and the possible regulation of this effect by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) was investigated, as PDEs have been shown to control the response to 5-HT4 receptor activation in pig left atrium. Circular muscle strips were prepared from pig proximal stomach and either submaximal cholinergic contractions or tritium outflow after incubation with [H-3]-choline, induced by electrical field stimulation, were studied.