Quantifying the effect of H2O2 and HOCl on bacterial ATP production The indicated organisms were exposed to H2O2 or HOCl as indicated above in the membrane permeability studies. ATP production was quantified following oxidant exposure using the BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay from Promega according to manufacturer protocol. 5 × 106 cells were used in each assay sample to yield a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 104-105:1. ATP-specific ATR inhibitor luminescence was measured using a BioTek (Winooski, VT) Synergy

HT microplate reader, and ATP concentration was determined by fitting the luminescence values to a standard curve generated using 10-fold dilutions of Na-ATP from 1 μM to 10 pM. Data are represented as percent ATP recovery relative to oxidant-free controls. Statistical analysis Two-way ANOVA with replication was used when analyzing organism viability. Differences in the single parameter of membrane integrity or ATP level were selleck inhibitor analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Linear regression was performed for correlating membrane permeability and ATP production with bacterial CFU viability. Results Oxidant resistance of CF and non-CF pathogens to H2O2 and HOCl We exposed PsA, SA, KP, BC, and EC to reagent-grade H2O2 or HOCl, in vitro, to compare

their intrinsic susceptibility or resistance as described in Materials and Methods. The results (Figure 1A) demonstrated that KP and PsA PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor were the most resistant organisms to H2O2. Unexpectedly, KP, a non-CF pathogen, showed almost an equal, if not greater, resistance to H2O2 than PsA by two-way ANOVA test (p = 0.79; Figure 1A and Table 1). Both PsA and KP were vastly more resistant to H2O2 than any of the other organisms

tested (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). BC, SA, and EC were the most susceptible to H2O2 with approximately 90% eradication at approximately 1 mM of the oxidant. Statistically, the profile of greatest to least H2O2-resistant organisms is as follows: KP > PsA > BC > EC > SA. Figure 1 Bacterial killing by reagent H 2 O 2 and HOCl in vitro. Microbes were exposed to various concentrations of H2O2 or HOCl, as indicated, for 1 hour at 37°C. At the end of the exposure, the samples were plated to LB agar plates for overnight culture. Bacterial killing by oxidants was measured as percent of viable bacteria Resminostat relative to the number of colonies from the oxidant-free controls. A) Organisms indicated were exposed to 0 mM to 5.0 mM H2O2 or (B) 0 mM to 0.1 mM HOCl. PsA = P. aeruginosa, SA = S. aureus, BC = B. cepacia, KP = K. pneumoniae, and EC = DH5α-E. coli. Error bars represent standard deviation of at least n = 3 experiments. Table 1 Comparisons of H2O2 in vitro killing of various species of bacteria (P-value from two-way ANOVA with replication)   PsA SA BC KP EC PsA – <0.0001 <0.0001 0.79 <0.0001 SA <0.0001 – <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0006 BC <0.0001 <0.0001 – <0.0001 0.0002 KP 0.79 <0.0001 <0.0001 – <0.0001 EC <0.0001 0.0006 0.0002 <0.