Research has shown positive effects of beta-mannanase

supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility in poultry fed corn-soybean meal-based diets as well as diets containing guar meal, copra meal, and palm kernel meal. Such performance and nutrient digestibility improvements are the result of single or combined modes of action due to beta-mannanase addition. Particularly over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that these modes of action might be very complex and versatile. The identification and understanding of the mechanisms by which beta-mannanase supplementation affects nutrient digestion, metabolism, overall performance and health of birds, MCC950 is important for the optimisation and broadening of the application of this enzyme in avian nutrition. This paper reviews various modes of action by beta-mannanase supplementation in poultry. Additionally, significance of single modes of action under different conditions is also discussed.”
“UV-irradiated skin and UV-induced tumors overexpress the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and Cox-2 inhibition PFTα purchase reduces photocarcinogenesis. To evaluate photoprotective effects of Polypodium leucotomos extract (PL), hairless Xpc(+/-) mice were fed for 110 days with PL (300 mg/kg) or vehicle then

UV-irradiated, once. By 24 hours, UV-induced Cox-2 levels were increased in vehicle-fed and PL-fed mice, whereas by 48 and 72 hours, Cox-2 levels were four- to fivefold lower in PL-fed mice (P < 0.05). P53 expression/activity was increased in PL-fed versus vehicle-fed then

UV-irradiated mice. UV-induced inflammation was decreased in PL-fed mice, as shown by similar to 60% decrease (P < 0.001) in neutrophil infiltration at 24 hours, and macrophages by similar to 50% (<0.02) at 24 and 48 hours. By 72 hours, 54 +/- 5% cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers remained in vehiclefed versus 31 +/- 5% in PL-fed skin (P < 0.003). The number of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine-positive cells were decreased before UV irradiation by similar to 36% (P < 0.01), suggesting that PL reduces constitutive oxidative DNA damage. By 6 and 24 hours, the number of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine-positive cells were similar to SNX-5422 in vivo 59% (P < 0.01) and similar to 79% (P < 0.03) lower in PL-fed versus vehicle-fed mice. Finally, UV-induced mutations in PL-fed-mice were decreased by similar to 25% when assessed 2 weeks after the single UV exposure. These data demonstrate that PL extract supplementation affords the following photoprotective effects: P53 activation and reduction of acute inflammation via Cox-2 enzyme inhibition, increased cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer removal, and reduction of oxidative DNA damage. (Am J Pathol 2009, 175:1952-1961; DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.