Several studies have found that high absolute counts of Tregs in HIV-infected long-term non-progressors or elite suppressors are associated with immune responses that might delay disease progression

(11–13); however, methodological discrepancies make it difficult to conclude with absolute certainty what role Tregs play in the long-term survival of these patients (11–13). Several rural areas in China experienced Selleck EX527 an outbreak of HIV in the early 1990s due to unsafe blood collection at commercial blood and plasma collection stations. The period of primary infection has been retrospectively estimated to span from 1993 until 1996, when authorities became aware of the mass transmission of HIV and shut down the blood banks. A number of long-term SPs were identified among those who had been infected through blood collection. SPs exhibited normal CD4+ T cell counts despite having been infected with HIV for 8–11 years without receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment due to unavailability. This study examines a diverse group of HIV-infected and non-infected individuals to examine whether the proportion or absolute number of Tregs in peripheral blood can be associated with patterns of HIV disease Panobinostat mouse progression. Our results indicate that lower proportions of Tregs coupled with lower Treg CTLA-4 expression may be beneficial

indicators for slower HIV progression. Focusing on the preservation of Treg counts alone may not be as effective for promoting Treg recovery or developing successful HIV medications. Seventy-four treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients from China’s Liaoning, Jilin, and Henan provinces were recruited for this study. These individuals were former blood donors who had been infected with HIV for 8–11 years. They were divided into three groups: a cohort of 24 HIV-positive long-term SPs (CD4+ T cell count >500 cells/μL in the absence of antiviral treatment or AIDS-defining diseases for the duration of infection); 30 HIV-infected patients (CD4+ T cell count <500 cells/μL, but >200 cells/μL, and no AIDS-defining

diseases), and 20 AIDS patients (CD4+ ID-8 T cell count <200 cells/μL or with AIDS-defining diseases). In addition, sixteen uninfected age- and sex-matched subjects were used as normal controls (Table 1). All subjects provided informed consent under the auspices of the appropriate research and ethics committees. Whole blood was collected into EDTA vacutainer tubes and analyzed by flow cytometer on the same day. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from HIV-1 infected individuals and normal controls by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs were identified by flow cytometry after intracellular staining for Foxp3 using the anti-human Foxp3 Staining Set (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA).