The first step of methane oxidation is mediated by methane monooxygenase (MMO) enzymes. Two forms of MMO enzymes are known, a cytoplasmic-soluble form (sMMO) and an integral membrane-bound particulate form (pMMO) (Hanson & Hanson, 1996; Brantner et al., 2002; Trotsenko & Murrell, 2008). The latter appears to be a common feature among methanotrophs, and thus far, its absence has only been reported in Methylocella palustris strain KT (Dedysh et al., 2000), which contains

only sMMO. Some strains posses both pMMO and sMMO, and their differential expression can be influenced by growth conditions, such as copper availability (de Boer & Hazeu, 1972; Stanley et al., 1983; Cornish et al., 1985). The pMMO is a metalloenzyme composed of three subunits, pMmoA (β), pMmoB (α) and pMmoC (γ), arranged in a trimeric α3β3γ3 complex (Lieberman & Rosenzweig, 2005). The roles of pMmoA and C subunits are not fully understood. GDC-0068 chemical structure However, the pMmoB domain has been shown to constitute the active site of the enzyme (Balasubramanian

et al., 2010). In the well-characterized proteobacterial methanotrophs, the expression of the pMMO enzyme complex is accompanied by the formation of extensive invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane into intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM). Outside the Proteobacteria, it appears that ICM do not commonly occur. For instance, neither the Verrucomicrobial Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum strain SolV (Pol et al., 2007) nor M. oxyfera most possess ICM (Wu et al., 2012). To investigate whether both methane oxidation and nitrite conversion Selleck Pictilisib pathways are indeed present in M. oxyfera, we used single- and double-immunogold localization experiments to determine the intracellular location of both the pMMO and NirS enzymes. Methylomirabilis oxyfera was enriched and cultured in an anoxic sequencing batch reactor (15 L) at 30 °C on a mineral medium containing 20 mM nitrite and

3 mM nitrate as described elsewhere (Ettwig et al., 2010). The medium was continuously sparged with a mixture of Ar/CO2 (95 : 5 v/v) and CH4/CO2 (95 : 5 v/v, purity > 99.995%, Air Liquide, The Netherlands). Methylomirabilis oxyfera comprised about 70–80% of the population as previously shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization and metagenome analysis (Ettwig et al., 2010; Luesken et al., 2012). The residual community (about 20–30%) was highly diverse and evenly distributed over various phyla. Sequences of the pmo and nirS gene clusters were retrieved from the M. oxyfera genome available under GenBank accession number FP565575. Transmembrane protein topology was predicted using the tmhmm program (Krogh et al., 2001) (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/). The prediction of the signal peptide was performed using the signal p tool (Petersen et al., 2011) (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/) using a hidden Markov model and Gram-negative trained models.