The format of this assay utilises both the vaccine virus and also

the field isolate, minimising the need to generate pre-prepared reagents, making the assay straight forward and practically viable. Further studies are required, not least to experimentally challenge the cattle immunised with such a marker vaccine in order to determine the level of protection that this type of vaccine construct could offer and to further validate the efficacy of the associated integrin based diagnostic assay. Given the absence of the integrin receptor binding motif in the A− virus, further work is also required to characterise the growth properties of this virus and in particular to identify the cellular receptor(s) tropism of this virus. It is entirely possible that vaccine virus constructs lacking the VP1 G-H loop may be attenuated in vivo and thus this particular design of vaccine may hold further Selleckchem Buparlisib benefits than just that of a marker vaccine in the form of a reduced risk of spread and disease in case of viral escape during vaccine production or through incomplete inactivation. More importantly, consideration must be given to the optimal route for developing further vaccine

constructs like the A− vaccine examined to permit the generation of more subtype and serotype vaccines of this design. selleck chemicals llc Veronica Fowler was in receipt of a BBSRC PhD studentship and received additional support from the FMD Improcon project of the EU 6th Framework Programme [SSPE-CT-2003-503603]. Paul Barnett and David Paton are both Jenner Institute Investigators. Thanks are given to Dr Sarah Cox for reviewing this paper prior to publication. Thanks are also due to the staff of the World Reference Laboratory and in particular Dr Satya Parida in whose laboratory some of this work was undertaken, Dr Nigel Ferris for the supply of ELISA rabbit capture antibody and to Dr Mana Mahapatra for the supply of viruses and MAbs. The authors would also like to thank the animal staff of the Pirbright Laboratory for their assistance with the handling and care of the cattle Levetiracetam used in

this study. “
“Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and buffalo. FMD is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. The viral RNA is translated into a single polypeptide which is then cleaved into 12 viral proteins [1]. Among them, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 are structural proteins (SPs) that form the viral capsid, and L, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D are non-structural proteins (NSPs) that participate in viral replication and play other functions within the host cell. During the cleavage, 3A, 3B, 3C or 3A, 3B are also combined to form 3ABC or 3AB protein [2]. The SPs and NSPs induce anti-SPs antibodies and anti-NSPs antibodies, respectively.