The immune response is often controlled by cytokines,

chemokines, adhesion molecules and oxidant-generating proteins and antioxidant proteins, such as peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) (12). Several specific liver-derived proteins have been examined as potential biomarkers of O. viverrini infection-associated diseases and CCA, including serum glutamyl transferase and other enzymes related to liver function (13), liver procollagen prolyl hydroxylase (14), nitric oxide synthase associated with nitrosamine and nitrate biosynthesis (8) and cytochrome P450, involved in biotransformation of various carcinogenic PI3K inhibitor chemicals (15). To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of O. viverrini-induced disease, we employed a proteomic approach to investigate the alterations in expression levels of hepatic proteins in hamsters infected with O. viverrini. In this study, Prdx6 was detected as a potentially important protein involved in host defence. Histopathological changes also were examined by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining. Opisthorchis viverrini

metacercariae were isolated from naturally infected fish obtained from Khon Kaen Province, Thailand by 0·25% pepsin click here digestion as described previously (11). O. viverrini metacercariae were collected under a dissecting microscope and viable cysts were used to infect hamsters. Four- to six-week-old male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were fed a stock diet and provided water ad libitum. Hamsters

(five animals) were infected with 50 O. viverrini metacercariae by oral inoculation (infected group) and five animals were maintained as control. After 30 days, hamsters were anaesthetized with ether and livers were collected. Liver sections (0·5 cm in diameter; approximately 150 mg) were taken from the hilar region and adjacent areas including second-order bile duct, where worms are usually found. Beta adrenergic receptor kinase For total RNA isolation, liver slices were immediately treated with TRIZOL™ (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reagent and then stored at −80°C until use. For proteomic analysis and Western blotting, liver tissues were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80°C until use. For histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, liver slices were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The procedures were approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Khon Kaen University, Thailand (AEKKU 17/2552). Two independent experiments were performed for each animal, and each experiment was conducted in duplicate.