The

RNA quality was determined using the NanoDrop 1000 (ThermoScientific, USA) and by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cDNA was stored at −20 °C until use. The real time PCR was carried out in 25 μL reactions using 50 ng of cDNA; 0.5 μM of forward and reverse primers; 12.5 μL of Maxima SYBR Green 2X (ThermoScientific, USA); 0.2 μL Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, USA) and nuclease free water. Primer sequences and annealing temperatures are detailed in Table 2. The fold change in the mRNA expression of each cytokine encoding gene was calculated in comparison the normative gene 18S and unvaccinated and unchallenged birds, using the 2−ΔΔCp method [37]. The Kruskall–Wallis method was used to analyze the GS-7340 manufacturer incidence of different values Libraries between all groups at each sampling day. The Bonferroni test was further applied to compare differences between CCI-779 in vitro groups separately. Values were considered statistically different at p < 0.05. The efficacy of each vaccination scheme was first evaluated by bacterial counting

of the SE challenge strain in spleen and caecal content (Fig. 1). At 1 dpi, the challenge strain was detected in the spleen samples only after enrichment in groups A, B and E with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). At 6 dpi, SE was recovered in spleen from all groups. In group E, the bacterial burden was significantly decreased in comparison with the unvaccinated group A. At 9 dpi, SE numbers in spleen samples were low and not statistically different between groups (p > 0.05). After challenge, SE was SPTLC1 recovered in high numbers in the caecal contents of the unvaccinated group A. At 1 dpi, all vaccinated groups had lower amounts of the challenge strain in the caecal contents compared to group

A (p < 0.05). At 6 and 9 dpi the bacterial burden was significantly lower in vaccinated groups B, C and E (p < 0.05), whilst in group D, which received only one dose of the KV, SE numbers were not different from the unvaccinated group A. IgM and IgG levels were significantly higher in groups D and E (p < 0.05; Fig. 2). In groups A, B and C, IgM and IgG levels were relatively low throughout sampling. Although IgM slightly increased at 9 dpi in groups A and C. IgG levels in groups A (unvaccinated), B and C increased at 6 dpi. The levels of IgA (Fig. 2) were similar in all groups at 1 dbi. After challenge, groups D and E had increasing levels of IgA until 6 dpi (p < 0.05). At 9 dpi, it was still significantly higher in group E than the other groups (p < 0.05). Groups B and C demonstrated increasing levels of secretory IgA until 9 dpi, although it did not reach the same levels of groups D and E, whilst in group A levels were low. The transcript level of IL-12 in spleen and caecal tonsil (Fig. 3) was higher in all vaccinated groups before challenge, when compared to the unvaccinated group (p < 0.05).