These interactions are beyond the scope of this study. We will address

this issue in a forthcoming paper. Protein networks and functional genomics of phage Apoptosis inhibitor lambda Phage lambda has been studied almost exclusively by detailed and directed functional studies for the past 60 years. Systematic or large-scale studies have been initiated only recently. For instance, Maynard et al. [27] www.selleckchem.com/products/blasticidin-s-hcl.html have screened the KEIO collection of E. coli deletion mutants for genes that affect lambda reproduction. This study found 57 E. coli genes of which more than half had not been associated with lambda biology before. Similarly, Osterhout et al. [28] investigated E. coli gene expression as a result of prophage induction and found 728 genes to change their expression patterns when lambda lysogens are induced. We expect to finish our own screens of lambda-host interactions soon and integrate the resulting protein-protein interactions into a systems biology model of lambda biology. Conclusions Using phage lambda as a benchmark we showed that we can find about 50% of the interactions among its proteins using Y2H screens. No other technology has been able to detect such a large fraction of interactions

in a single macromolecular assembly (except crystallization of whole complexes, which is not possible with phage particles). We thus predict that our strategy can find roughly half of all interactions in other phage and protein complexes. However, other methods will be required to find interactions that require chaperones, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tariquidar.html post-translational modifications, or other additional Methocarbamol factors that could not be provided in our assay. Methods Cloning the phage lambda ORFs into Gateway entry vector The DNA sequence of

phage lambda was obtained from the NCBI genomes database (NC_001416) and primers were designed, using the Primer Design Tool [29]. The primers were designed without endogenous stop codons. In addition to the 20- to 30-nucleotide-long ORF-specific sequence the attB1 segment (5′-aaaaagcaggctta-3′) was added to each forward primer, followed by ORF-specific bases. The attB2 segment (5′-agaaagctgggtg-3′) was added at the 5′ end of each reverse primer, which was complementary to the end of the ORF, without the last nucleotides of the stop codon. PCR amplification and cloning of lambda ORFs into gateway entry vector All the ORFs of phage lambda were PCR amplified using KOD DNA polymerase (Novagen), and phage lambda genomic DNA (NEB:N3011L). The complete sequences of attB1 (5′-GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCT-3′) and attB2 (5′-GGGGACCACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGT-3′) were added in the secondary round PCR, where the first round PCR product was used as a template, to generate the full-length attB1 and attB2 sites flanking the ORFs. The PCR cycles were used as recommended by the KOD DNA polymerase manufacturer (Novagen, Cat. No.710853).