Thus, the current findings underscore the need to develop and implement effective smoking cessation treatments for agonist-treated pregnant patients in an effort to promote improved maternal and infant health outcomes. Future work to target pregnant agonist-treated women is of particular importance. Developing effective smoking cessation treatments has the free copy potential to reduce adverse health outcomes for both the mother and child. Also because pregnancy represents an opportunity to intervene and change problem behaviors, pregnant women engaged in drug treatment may be uniquely motivated for such interventions.

FUNDING MOTHER grants are from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) unless noted otherwise: Brown University, R01 DA015778; Johns Hopkins University, R01 DA015764; Medical University of Vienna, R01 DA018417; Thomas Jefferson University, R01 DA015738; University of Toronto, R01 DA015741; University of Vermont, R01 DA018410 and M01 RR109; Vanderbilt University, R01 DA017513 and M01 RR00095, and Wayne State University, R01 DA15832. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS HJ discloses that she has received reimbursement for time and travel from Reckitt Benckiser. All other authors declare no competing financial interests. No contractual constraints on publishing have been imposed by any agency from which an author has received funding. The clinical trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT00271219; Title: RCT Comparing Methadone and Buprenorphine in Pregnant Women).

The Family Smoking Protection and Tobacco Control Act requires that a new tobacco product, product standard, or modified risk tobacco product be evaluated based on its impact on public health. Public health impact is determined by the toxicity of the product, extent of uptake of the product, persistent use of the product, and the concurrent use with other tobacco products (Institute of Medicine, 2012). A conceptual model of tobacco product use holds that consumer response to a product, comprised both of product beliefs and subjective evaluations, relates to product uptake (Rees et al., 2009). Furthermore, a significant part of tobacco product evaluation involves determining its abuse liability (or potential for persistent use), which can include an individual��s subjective response to the product (Carter et al., 2009).

Although several types of scales have been used to assess different drugs on their use or abuse potential (e.g., Carter & Griffiths, 2009), few validated scales have been developed for tobacco products (Carter et al., 2009; Institute of Medicine, 2012; Hanson, O��Connor, & Hatsukami, 2009). Prior studies have used different methods to make these product assessments (Blank & Eissenberg, Dacomitinib 2010; Cobb, Weaver, & Eissenberg, 2010; Gray, Breland, Weaver, & Eissenberg, 2008; Kotlyar et al., 2011; Mendoza-Baumgart et al., 2007; O��Connor et al., 2011).