We thank for Ms Sato, Dr Ebihara and Dr Urushido for cell culture, Ms Sato and Ms Morimoto for plasmid construction, and Dr Ito-Ishida for helpful comments on this manuscript. This

work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21220008 to S.O.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and a part of this study is the result of ‘Development of biomarker candidates for social behavior’ carried out under the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (S.O.). K.O. was supported by the Graduate Program for Leaders in Life Innovation. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations Antero anterogradely moving mitochondria/APP-containing vesicles PARP inhibitor APP amyloid precursor protein DIV days in vitro EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein [M] moving periods/mobile state OMP C-terminal check details transmembrane region of mitochondrial outer membrane protein of 25 kDa Retro retrogradely moving mitochondria/APP-containing vesicles [SP] short-pause [SS] stationary state SV synaptic vesicle TTX tetrodotoxin “
“With in vivo confocal neuroimaging

(ICON), single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can be visualized non-invasively, repeatedly, in real-time and under natural conditions. Here we report the use of ICON to visualize dynamic changes in RGC morphology, connectivity and functional activation using calcium markers, and to visualize nanoparticle transport across the blood–retina barrier by fluorescent dyes. To document the versatility of ICON, we

studied the cellular response to optic nerve injury, and found evidence of reversible soma swelling, recovery of retrograde axonal transport and a difference in calcium activation dynamics between surviving and dying RGCs. This establishes ICON as a unique tool for studying CNS physiology and pathophysiology in real-time on a cellular level. ICON has potential applications in different research fields, such as neuroprotection/regeneration, degeneration, pharmacology, Glycogen branching enzyme toxicity and drug delivery. “
“Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its paralogs, amyloid precursor-like protein-1 and amyloid precursor-like protein-2, appear to have redundant but essential role(s) during development. To gain insights into the physiological and possibly pathophysiological functions of APP, we used a functional proteomic approach to identify proteins that interact with the highly conserved C-terminal region of APP family proteins. Previously, we characterized an interaction between APP and ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. Here, we describe an interaction between APP and a novel protein, 4-nitrophenylphosphatase domain and non-neuronal SNAP25-like protein homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1). The interaction between APP and NIPSNAP1 was confirmed both in transiently transfected COS7 cells and in the mouse brain, where NIPSNAP1 is expressed at a high level.