1 ± 14.3 years), including the AF group and SR group, are shown in Table 1. There were no statistically significant differences in height, weight, or body surface area level between the AF group and SR group. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hyperlipidemia were more frequently seen in the AF group than they were in the SR group. Table 1 Baseline characteristics between SR and AF groups were compared using t-test and Chi-square

test Echocardiography The transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) parameters are listed in Table Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2. LA size was significantly larger among patients in the AF group than in the SR group [AF vs. SR: 4.6 ± 0.65 vs. 3.5 ± 0.78 cm (p = 0.00)]. The E/e’ value was greater in the AF group [AF vs. SR: 9.35 ± 3.51 vs. 7.35 ± 2.97 (p = 39 0.059)], but it was not statistically significant. Significant differences Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were not seen for any other measurements. Table 2 Comparison of transthoracic echocardiographic parameters in patients with AF and SR LAA and RAA velocities according to TEE were all significantly slower in the AF group compared to those in the SR group (Table 3). The mean LAA ejection velocity (LAA E) was 29 ± 18 cm/sec in the AF group and 61 ± 22 cm/sec Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the SR group (p < 0.001), and the mean LAA filling velocity (LAA F) was 33

± 18 m/sec in the AF group and 58 ± 29 m/sec in the SR group (p < 0.001). The mean RAA ejection velocity (RAA e) and filling velocity (RAA f) were also slower in the AF group than in the SR group [AF vs. SR: 19 ± 8 vs. 46 ± 20 cm/sec (p < 0.001), 22 ± 0.12 vs. 39 ± 13 cm/sec (p <

0.001)]. Table 3 Comparison of appendage velocity in patients with AF and SR (transesophageal echocardiographic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical assessment) former Biochemical markers There was no statistically significant difference in hs-CRP concentration between the two groups, but the BNP level was higher in the AF group than in the SR group [AF vs. SR: 301.4 ± 286.6 vs. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 107.2 ± 158.3 pg/mol (p = 0.016)] (Table 4). Table 4 Comparison of biochemical markers in patients with AF and SR Correlations BNP concentration was negatively correlated with LAA emptying velocity (r = -0.44; p = 0.01) and with LAA filling velocity (r = -0.39; p = 0.01). BNP expression was also negatively correlated with RAA emptying velocity (r = -0.36; p = 0.02) and with RAA filling velocity Dacomitinib (r = -0.34; p = 0.03) (Table 5). RAA velocities and LAA velocities were significantly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.53; p = 0.0, r = 0.5; p = 0.0, r = 0.62; p = 0.0, r = 0.61; p = 0.0). Table 5 Correlations between BNP concentration and atrial appendage velocities Discussion Evaluation of the LAA using transesophageal echocardiography of AF is a standard procedure in patients who are in fibrillation. In 2-D imaging, potential thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast should be analyzed.