, 2006), while Wolbachia from three species (Neotermes luykxi, Neotermes jouteli, Serritermes serrifer) formed a sister clade with supergroup A (Lo & Evans, 2007). Termites of the genus Odontotermes cause heavy destruction of seasoned timber, agricultural crops and buildings, resulting in severe economic loss (Kumari GSK3235025 purchase et al., 2009). Odontotermes is a fungus-growing genus (Termitidae), which most often builds concentrated and permanent nests for long periods of time. The species from this

genus have a greater effect on soil properties (Jouquet et al., 2005). Curiously, this tropical group has not yet been explored for Wolbachia infection. Similarly, subterranean termites in the genus Coptotermes (Rhinotermitidae) are structural pests of a destructive nature, which are globally distributed beyond their native range in Southeast Asia (Gentz et al., 2008). Wolbachia infection is reported in two Coptotermes species (supergroup F), but Coptotermes heimi species has not been explored for infection. In the present report,

we show: (1) the presence of Wolbachia in the termites, Odontotermes spp. and C. heimi; (2) the diversity of Wolbachia within these termites using MLST and 16S rRNA genes; and (3) the phylogenetic affiliation of termite Wolbachia. All termite samples were collected in different regions of India, mainly various locations from the state of see more Maharashtra and were preserved in absolute this website ethanol at −20 °C until DNA

extraction. Termites from 14 populations were examined irrespective of their castes i.e. nonreproductive ‘worker’ or ‘pseudergate’, soldiers or reproductive alates (Table 1). DNA extraction was carried out from whole termites using the QIAamp®DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN®) following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA quality was assessed by PCR for 28S rRNA gene using arthropod-specific primers described by Werren et al. (1995) and samples with weak or no amplification were extracted again. Twelve colonies of Odontotermes spp. and two colonies of C. heimi (5–10 individuals per colony) were screened initially for Wolbachia infection by PCR for the wsp gene using primers and reported protocols (Braig et al., 1998). Primer details and PCR protocols for amplification of the five reported Wolbachia MLST genes (ftsZ, coxA, fbpA, hcpA and gatB) are described elsewhere (Baldo et al., 2006). The sequence data were analyzed against the Wolbachia MLST database (http://pubmlst.org/Wolbachia/). The Wolbachia 16S rRNA gene fragment was amplified using specific primers and the PCR protocol described by O’Neill et al. (1992). Samples were also subjected to PCR using primers and protocols specific for insect mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (Kambhampati, 1995). All PCR products were purified using the PEG-NaCl method (Sambrook et al., 1989).