Both selleck catalog CONTROL-E40 and CONTROL-EC4 runs show a stronger flow towards the Andes, in this particular case a westerly flow over central Chile and its Pacific coast. Similar enhanced precipitation areas are also found in ETA model runs [26].During autumn (MAM, Figures 4(b) and 5(b)), the most extended differences can be observed, for both runs, over the northern half of the domain, where the model underestimates precipitation. This could be due to the seasonal circulation problems noted previously. On the other hand, during spring (SON, Figures 4(d) and 5(d)) the model yields moderately enhanced rainfall with respect to CRU over western Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. During both equinoxes, there is a major precipitation enhancement over the tropical and subtropical Andes.

Figures Figures66 and and77 show the mean seasonal surface temperatures for CONTROL-EC4 and CONTROL-E40 (center), respectively, and CRU data (left). The mean seasonal fields produced by PRECIS reproduce the major temperature features and seasonal cycle observed in CRU. Major summer differences (Figures 6(a) and 7(a)) can be found in the Argentine Chaco region where both runs place the warmest temperatures, whereas CRU shows the warmest temperatures in western Paraguay and over northeastern Brazil. RCM runs appear to yield cooler temperatures over central and southern Brazil, though this feature is more extended in CONTROL-E40. For winter (Figure 6(c)), the domain’s northern edge in CONTROL-EC4 appears to be warmer.Figure 6CRU fields (left column) and CONTROL-EC4 (center column) mean seasonal temperature (��C) for (a) summer (DJF), (b) autumn (MAM), (c) winter (JJA) and (d) spring (SON).

The bias, that is, CONTROL-EC4 minus CRU, is shown in the right column.Figure 7Same as Figure 6, comparing in this case CRU with CONTROL-E40 temperature.Bias estimates (right column) show that both runs, for summer, overestimate temperatures over Argentina’s Humid Pampas, Mesopotamia, and parts of Chaco, by as much as 6��C. A positive bias can be also seen over the Pacific desert coast of Peru and Chile, and central Chile. Temperatures are underestimated on the Altiplano by as much as ?4��C and in sectors of the Andes, mostly on the eastern slopes. Lower temperatures, mostly between ?1��C and ?3��C, also systematically appear over central to southeastern Brazil for CONTROL-EC4. For CONTROL-E40 (Figure 7(c)) the negative temperature bias extends into the Peruvian Amazonia as Entinostat well as central and northeastern Brazil, that is, these anomalies are more widespread.During winter for CONTROL-EC4 (Figure 6(c)), the cooler region in Brazil is smaller, but over the Andes and the Altiplano the negative bias area is larger.