Recently, it was reported that chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides can potentiate the risk of coronary artery disease presumably through diminished paraoxonase activity (Zamzila et al., 2011). Higher incidence of the late-onset nephropathies like chronic kidney disease and chronic renal failure has been reported in middle-aged Ganetespib datasheet people (40–60 years) living in the agricultural areas with more prevalence in men. The results of a survey in North Central Province of Sri Lanka have presented

a significant relationship between chronic renal failure and environmental factors in farming areas (Wanigasuriya et al., 2007). Exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides was associated with chronic renal failure (Peiris-John et al., 2006). Furthermore, higher

level of organochlorine pesticides see more was detected in chronic kidney disease patients along with a reduced glomerular filtration and increased oxidative stress (Siddharth et al., 2012). Asthma is considered as the most common disorder among chronic respiratory dysfunctions affecting both children and adults. Its close relationship with work-related exposures has been known from 18 centuries so that occupational asthma is characterized as a disease in medicine. There have been several reports on increased rate of asthma in people occupationally exposed to pesticides (Hernandez et al., 2011). Moreover, the result of an agricultural health study indicated that exposure to some pesticides may increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) in farmers (Hoppin et al., 2007). However, there are sporadic reports on the association of exposure to pesticides with different types of human chronic diseases, including chronic fatigue syndrome (Behan and Haniffah, 1994), autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis (Cooper et al., 2004, Gold et al., 2007 and Parks et al., Dipeptidyl peptidase 2011) which need further investigations for more proof (Table 2). Genetic damages are caused by direct interaction with genetic material resulting in DNA damage or chromosomal aberrations and considered as a primary mechanism for chronic diseases within the context of carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. They are studied in the field of genetic toxicology and can be detected by distinctive kinds of genotoxicity tests. Growing body of data concerning genetic toxicity of pesticides have been collected from epidemiological and experimental studies using different types of examinations, including chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchanges and comet assay (Bolognesi, 2003 and Bull et al., 2006). Indeed, genetic damages are classified into three groups as follows: 1. Premutagenic damages like DNA strand breaks, DNA adducts or unscheduled DNA synthesis; 2. Gene’s mutation which means insertion or deletion of a couple of base pairs; 3.