STN lesions made prior to training increased asymptotic levels of sign-tracking

behavior directed towards a cue paired with either food or cocaine. In addition, when STN lesions were made after animals had already undergone Pavlovian training, and animals were tested under extinction conditions, the STN lesion still facilitated a sign-tracking CBL0137 datasheet CR. Finally, reintroduction of the US (food) following extinction immediately restored robust sign-tracking behavior in animals with STN lesions. We speculate, therefore, that the STN is part of a neural system that moderates the amount of incentive salience attributed to reward-related stimuli. Activity in this neural system may help mitigate the development of compulsive behavioral disorders, such as addiction, which are characterized by pathological control over behavior by reward-associated cues.”
“Hammerhead ribozymes were designed to target mRNA of several essential herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes. A ribozyme specific for the late gene U(L)20 was packaged in an adenovirus vector (Ad-U(L)20 Rz) and evaluated for its capacity to inhibit the viral replication of several HSV-1 strains, including that of the wild-type HSV-1 (17syn+ and KOS) and several acycloguanosine-resistant selleck chemical strains (PAAr5, tkLTRZ1, and ACGr4) in tissue culture. The Ad-U(L)20 Rz was also tested for its ability to block an HSV-1 infection, using the mouse footpad model. Mouse footpads

were treated with either the Ad-U(L)20 Rz or an adenoviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP) and then infected immediately thereafter with 10(4) PFU of HSV-1 strain 17syn+. Ad-U(L)20 ribozyme treatment consistently led to a 90% rate of protection for mice from lethal HSV-1 infection, while the survival rate in the control groups was less than 45%. Consistent with this protective effect, treatment with the Ad-U(L)20 Rz reduced the viral

DNA load in the feet, the dorsal root ganglia, and the spinal cord relative to that of the Ad-GFP-treated animals. This study suggests that ribozymes targeting essential genes of the late kinetic class may represent a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting HSV infection.”
“There is an evolutionary advantage to learning food preferences from Trichostatin A conspecifics, as social learning allows an individual to bypass the risks associated with trial and error individual learning. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) paradigm examines this advantage. Females in the proestrus and diestrus phases of the estrous cycle show a prolonged preference for the demonstrated food relative to estrus and ovariectomized females. Additionally, both estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) knockout mice show impaired social recognition, which suggests that both receptors may be involved in other types of socially dependent learning, including the STFP.