Luo and Daniel [9] have shown that the macroscopic mechanical behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites can be correlated explicitly with the microscopic deformation and damage.Modeling and analysis of multilayer piezoelectric beams and plates have reached a relative maturity as attested by the numerous papers. Mindlin [10] presented the theory of piezoelectric crystals plate considering shear and bending. Chandrashekhara and Tiersten [11] developed general piezoelectric nonlinear theory and detailed the vibration equations of different piezoelectric crystals. Chandrashkhara, Tenneti [12] and Zhou et al. [13] investigated the dynamic control of laminated piezoelectric plates by the finite element (FE) method.

Wang and Rogers [14] presented a model for laminated plates with spatially distributed piezoelectric patches. Tzou and Gadre [15] analyzed thin laminates coupled with shell actuators for distributed vibration control. Xu et al. [16] analyzed the free vibration of laminated piezothermoelectric plate based on the 3D theory. Mitchell and Reddy [17] proposed the theory of the laminated piezoelectric plates by using classical plate theory and simple third-order theory, respectively. Noor and Peters [18] presented postbuckling analysis of multilayered composite plates subjected to combined axial and thermal loads and investigated the effects of mechanical and thermal loading on postbuckling behaviors of composite plates. Based on transverse shear-deformable theory, Librescu and Souza [19] gave the postbuckling analysis of geometrically imperfect flat panels under combined thermal and compressive edge loadings.

Shen Brefeldin_A [20] investigated the postbuckling behaviors of laminated plates with piezoelectric actuators under complex loading conditions based on Reddy’s higher order shear deformation plate theory. Oh et al. [21] studied thermal postbuckling behavior of laminated plates with top and/or bottom actuators subjected to thermal and electrical loads. In their analysis all the static/dynamic behaviors of laminated plates were investigated without considering the damage effects which would greatly influence the mechanical behaviors of smart structures. To the best of the author’s knowledge, up to now postbuckling analysis of piezoelectric structures considering the damage effects has rarely been investigated and reported. For example, Aydin [22] studied the dynamic characteristics of functionally graded beams with open edge cracks, in which an analytical method was proposed to determine the free vibration of beams with any number of cracks. Mao et al.

Shi et al. [22] confirmed that this kind of HRP-GNP biosensor exhibited long-term stability and good reproducibility.GNPs/CNTs multilayers can also provide a suitable microenvironment to retain enzyme activity and amplify the electrochemical signal of the product of the enzymatic reaction [23]. For example, GNPs/CNTs nanohybrids were covered on the surface of a GCE, which formed an effective antibody immobilization matrix and gave the immobilized biomolecules high stability and bioactivity. The approach provided a linear response range between 0.125 and 80 ng/mL with a detection limit of 40 pg/mL. As shown in Figure 3, because of the advantages of GNPs and CNTs, the hybrid composite has more potential applications for electrochemical sensor, which could be easily extended to other protein detection schemes and DNA analysis [24].

For example, Wang et al. [25] described the fabrication of ZrO2/Au nano-composite films through a combination of sol�Cgel procedure and electroless plating, the organophosphate pesticides (Ops) can be strongly adsorped on the ZrO2/Au film electrode surface, which provides an effective quantitative method for OPs analysis.Figure 3.The immunoassay procedure of GNPs/PDCNTs modified immunosensor using HRP�CGNPs�CAb2 conjugates as label [24].The gold nanorods (GNR) modified electrode layer shows a better analytical response than GNPs [26]. GNR based immunosensors have advantages such as simplicity, being label free, low sample volume, reusability and being more suitable for lab-on-chip devices over gold nanoparticles.

GNRs are sensitive to the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium due to surface plasmon resonance, therefore a slight change of the local refractive index around GNRs will result in an observable plasmon resonance frequency shift. Irudayaraj and Yu fabricated different aspect ratios of GNRs with targeted antibodies to detect three targets (goat anti-human IgG
The wetting properties (and droplet formation) of solutions on surfaces have long been an area of interest [1,2]. Currently, these characteristics are under study due to their importance in several technologies, including composites, printing, coatings, and oil recovery [3,4]. Liquid and colloidal solutions exhibit wetting and droplet formations to varying degrees, depending on their composition [1].

Many semisolid, gel-like solutions form droplets with poor wetting properties, and therefore, make limited contact with a surface. These solutions exhibit thixotropic-like characteristics, where the droplets are semisolid AV-951 and gel-like until acted upon by an outside force, such as lateral shearing or shaking, after which they become liquefied [sol phase; 5]. When the force is removed, the semisolid character returns [5]. The thixotropic behavior of suspensions of biomolecules has also been examined [6].