151, 152 Megamitochondria in alcoholic hepatitis may be associate

151, 152 Megamitochondria in alcoholic hepatitis may be associated with a milder form of AH, a lower incidence of cirrhosis and fewer complications with a good long-term survival.153 AH is associated with perivenular and pericellular fibrosis which may be a harbinger of future cirrhosis, especially in patients who continue to abuse alcohol or those who are coinfected with hepatitis C virus.33, 154 Mallory bodies, JQ1 chemical structure giant mitochondria, neutrophilic

infiltration, and fibrosis may be seen in conditions other than ALD.155 Although a liver biopsy may not be practical in the management of all patients, it has been shown that physicians’ clinical impression may correlate only moderately well with the histologic findings on liver biopsy. Studies that have included a liver biopsy in all patients with presumed AH have shown histologic confirmation in only 70%-80% of patients.156 The incentive to make a definitive histologic diagnosis, however, is partly dependent on the possible risks of a biopsy, as well as the risks involved with particular treatments. If no treatment for ALD or AH is contemplated, based on noninvasive estimates of an individual patient’s prognosis, it usually is not necessary to make a histologic

diagnosis. Alternatively, if an investigational treatment or a therapy with associated risk is contemplated, the risk-benefit ratio involved in pursuing a liver biopsy may change. Recommendation: 1 Clinicians should discuss alcohol use with patients, and any suspicion of possible abuse learn more or excess should prompt use of a structured questionnaire and further evaluation (Class I, level C). Decisions regarding treatment are critically dependent on the ability to estimate a given patient’s prognosis. Many individual clinical and laboratory features, 上海皓元 along with specific histologic features have also been tested as measures of disease prognosis. In AH, the Maddrey discriminant function (MDF), a disease-specific

prognostic score, has been used to stratify a patient’s severity of illness.157 The initial formula was derived in the context of clinical trials of alcoholic hepatitis, and later modified to: MDF = 4.6 (Patient’s prothrombin time − control prothrombin time) + total bilirubin (mg/dL).158 Patients with a score of greater than or equal to 32 were at the highest risk of dying, with a one month mortality as high as 30%-50%.151 In particular, those with evidence of both hepatic encephalopathy and an elevated MDF were at highest risk. Although relatively easy to use, and based on standard laboratory tests, several drawbacks to the use of the MDF have been noted. Although it is a continuous measure, its interpretation (using a threshold of 32) has converted it into an essentially categorical method of classification. Once patients have exceeded that threshold, their risk for dying is higher, but not specified.

151, 152 Megamitochondria in alcoholic hepatitis may be associate

151, 152 Megamitochondria in alcoholic hepatitis may be associated with a milder form of AH, a lower incidence of cirrhosis and fewer complications with a good long-term survival.153 AH is associated with perivenular and pericellular fibrosis which may be a harbinger of future cirrhosis, especially in patients who continue to abuse alcohol or those who are coinfected with hepatitis C virus.33, 154 Mallory bodies, PD0325901 research buy giant mitochondria, neutrophilic

infiltration, and fibrosis may be seen in conditions other than ALD.155 Although a liver biopsy may not be practical in the management of all patients, it has been shown that physicians’ clinical impression may correlate only moderately well with the histologic findings on liver biopsy. Studies that have included a liver biopsy in all patients with presumed AH have shown histologic confirmation in only 70%-80% of patients.156 The incentive to make a definitive histologic diagnosis, however, is partly dependent on the possible risks of a biopsy, as well as the risks involved with particular treatments. If no treatment for ALD or AH is contemplated, based on noninvasive estimates of an individual patient’s prognosis, it usually is not necessary to make a histologic

diagnosis. Alternatively, if an investigational treatment or a therapy with associated risk is contemplated, the risk-benefit ratio involved in pursuing a liver biopsy may change. Recommendation: 1 Clinicians should discuss alcohol use with patients, and any suspicion of possible abuse Y-27632 or excess should prompt use of a structured questionnaire and further evaluation (Class I, level C). Decisions regarding treatment are critically dependent on the ability to estimate a given patient’s prognosis. Many individual clinical and laboratory features, 上海皓元 along with specific histologic features have also been tested as measures of disease prognosis. In AH, the Maddrey discriminant function (MDF), a disease-specific

prognostic score, has been used to stratify a patient’s severity of illness.157 The initial formula was derived in the context of clinical trials of alcoholic hepatitis, and later modified to: MDF = 4.6 (Patient’s prothrombin time − control prothrombin time) + total bilirubin (mg/dL).158 Patients with a score of greater than or equal to 32 were at the highest risk of dying, with a one month mortality as high as 30%-50%.151 In particular, those with evidence of both hepatic encephalopathy and an elevated MDF were at highest risk. Although relatively easy to use, and based on standard laboratory tests, several drawbacks to the use of the MDF have been noted. Although it is a continuous measure, its interpretation (using a threshold of 32) has converted it into an essentially categorical method of classification. Once patients have exceeded that threshold, their risk for dying is higher, but not specified.

[44-48] F prausnitzii was increased in the fecal microbiota of o

[44-48] F. prausnitzii was increased in the fecal microbiota of obese children in southern India that used real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantitate specific bacterial groups.[44] On the other hand, obese

adults from central India had enrichment of Bacteroides and Archaea in their fecal microbiota, along with an increase in fecal SCFA concentration.[47] Increases in Lactobacillus associated with reduction in Bacteroidetes were reported in obese adults in France.[45] On the other hand, obese preschool children in Sweden had increased Enterobacteriaceae, and reduced Desulfovibrio and Akkermanseae click here compared with their healthy counterparts.[46] Several attempts have been made to elucidate the causal nature of the association between gut microbiota and obesity. Twin pairs concordant for body mass index have been studied, and it was found that many microbial genes were shared among the twin pairs, suggesting the presence of a core microbiome.[49] In obesity, there were differences in the microbiota at phylum level (significantly fewer Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were found in obese twins without significant changes in phylum Firmicutes), reduced microbial diversity, and alterations in genes involved in metabolic pathways. Gastric bypass surgery

in obese individuals led to reductions in Firmicutes and increases in BGJ398 Gammaproteobacteria.[50] The link between nutrition and gut microbiota can be explained by several potential mechanisms (Fig. 2). Several of the microbial communities belonging to phylum Firmicutes are important carbohydrate fermenters MCE公司 and may help in the salvage of energy from unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate.[51-53] Fecal SCFA (representing

fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate in the colon) were increased in obese individuals.[47] Increased efficiency of energy salvage from food may contribute to weight gain. Increasing dietary caloric load from 2400 to 3400 kcal/day in lean volunteers resulted in gut microbiota changes and an increase in the fractional energy absorption from the diet.[53] These investigators calculated that a 20% increase in Firmicutes and a corresponding decrease in Bacteroidetes was associated with an increase in energy absorption equivalent to 150 kcal/day. Of interest, the abundant fecal microbial communities Bacteroides and F. prausnitzii were reduced, and Enterobacteriaceae increased in frail elderly individuals.[54] Restriction of dietary carbohydrate intake in obese adults resulted in reduced abundance in stool of several carbohydrate-fermenting Firmicutes including E. rectale. In addition to the direct provision of energy in the form of SCFA, microbial fermentation products also affect energy metabolism and salvage through several neuroendocrine mechanisms.

[44-48] F prausnitzii was increased in the fecal microbiota of o

[44-48] F. prausnitzii was increased in the fecal microbiota of obese children in southern India that used real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantitate specific bacterial groups.[44] On the other hand, obese

adults from central India had enrichment of Bacteroides and Archaea in their fecal microbiota, along with an increase in fecal SCFA concentration.[47] Increases in Lactobacillus associated with reduction in Bacteroidetes were reported in obese adults in France.[45] On the other hand, obese preschool children in Sweden had increased Enterobacteriaceae, and reduced Desulfovibrio and Akkermanseae AZD3965 nmr compared with their healthy counterparts.[46] Several attempts have been made to elucidate the causal nature of the association between gut microbiota and obesity. Twin pairs concordant for body mass index have been studied, and it was found that many microbial genes were shared among the twin pairs, suggesting the presence of a core microbiome.[49] In obesity, there were differences in the microbiota at phylum level (significantly fewer Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were found in obese twins without significant changes in phylum Firmicutes), reduced microbial diversity, and alterations in genes involved in metabolic pathways. Gastric bypass surgery

in obese individuals led to reductions in Firmicutes and increases in Sirolimus mw Gammaproteobacteria.[50] The link between nutrition and gut microbiota can be explained by several potential mechanisms (Fig. 2). Several of the microbial communities belonging to phylum Firmicutes are important carbohydrate fermenters 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 and may help in the salvage of energy from unabsorbed dietary carbohydrate.[51-53] Fecal SCFA (representing

fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate in the colon) were increased in obese individuals.[47] Increased efficiency of energy salvage from food may contribute to weight gain. Increasing dietary caloric load from 2400 to 3400 kcal/day in lean volunteers resulted in gut microbiota changes and an increase in the fractional energy absorption from the diet.[53] These investigators calculated that a 20% increase in Firmicutes and a corresponding decrease in Bacteroidetes was associated with an increase in energy absorption equivalent to 150 kcal/day. Of interest, the abundant fecal microbial communities Bacteroides and F. prausnitzii were reduced, and Enterobacteriaceae increased in frail elderly individuals.[54] Restriction of dietary carbohydrate intake in obese adults resulted in reduced abundance in stool of several carbohydrate-fermenting Firmicutes including E. rectale. In addition to the direct provision of energy in the form of SCFA, microbial fermentation products also affect energy metabolism and salvage through several neuroendocrine mechanisms.

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig. 7C). Similar to HBsAg profiles, this reduction effect was more prominent with 50 than with

30 μg of KLF15 RNAi construct. To further confirm the effect of KLF15 on HBV replication, we generated an HBV genome with the CPm2 mutations that abolished the stimulatory effect of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2D). The replication efficiency of this HBV mutant plasmid in mice was then compared with that of the wild-type plasmid by hydrodynamic Alisertib molecular weight injection. As shown in Fig. 8, mice injected with the mutant genome had significantly lower levels of viral DNA in the sera than those injected with the wild-type genome (Mann-Whitney U = 27.0, P = 0.030, two-tailed). These results demonstrated the importance of the KLF15 response element in the core promoter in HBV replication. In this study, we demonstrated that the transcription factor, KLF15, could activate HBV major surface and core promoters (Figs. 1 and 2). The overexpression of KLF15 in hepatoma cell lines increased, whereas the suppression of KLF15 expression

with RNAi reduced, the activities of HBV surface and core promoters (Fig. 4). Consistent with these results, EMSAs and ChIP assays showed that KLF15 could bind to core and surface promoters (Fig. 5). The role of KLF15 in HBV gene expression was also confirmed in vivo using a mouse model, as we demonstrated that RNAi knockdown of KLF15 expression in the mouse liver could lead to a significant reduction in the expression of HBV core protein and HBsAg (Figs. 6 and 7), as well as HBV DNA copy number in mouse sera (Fig. 8). Therefore, KLF15 is important for modulating HBV gene expression Ivacaftor order and viral load. By performing MCE mutagenesis

studies, we demonstrated that mutations in the two Sp1-binding sites in the surface promoter (i.e., the Z1/Z2 mutant) could reduce the transactivation effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). This observation is consistent with our ChIP assay results, which showed that these mutations reduced the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter (Fig. 5F). Because the mutations in the Sp1 sites reduced, but did not abolish, the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter, it is likely that the KLF15 binding sites partially overlap with the Sp1 sites. The possibility that there are cryptic KLF15 sites elsewhere in the surface promoter cannot be ruled out, at present. Interestingly, however, results from the ChIP assays showed that mutating the CCAAT site did not affect KLF15 binding to the surface promoter (Fig. 5), but yet it abolished the effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). It is conceivable that KLF15 needs to cooperatively interact with NF-Y, which binds to CCAAT,12 to exert its effect on the S promoter. Using similar approaches, we also found that mutations in the consensus KLF15 sequence in the core promoter could abolish the effects of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2C and D).

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig. 7C). Similar to HBsAg profiles, this reduction effect was more prominent with 50 than with

30 μg of KLF15 RNAi construct. To further confirm the effect of KLF15 on HBV replication, we generated an HBV genome with the CPm2 mutations that abolished the stimulatory effect of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2D). The replication efficiency of this HBV mutant plasmid in mice was then compared with that of the wild-type plasmid by hydrodynamic Selleck ITF2357 injection. As shown in Fig. 8, mice injected with the mutant genome had significantly lower levels of viral DNA in the sera than those injected with the wild-type genome (Mann-Whitney U = 27.0, P = 0.030, two-tailed). These results demonstrated the importance of the KLF15 response element in the core promoter in HBV replication. In this study, we demonstrated that the transcription factor, KLF15, could activate HBV major surface and core promoters (Figs. 1 and 2). The overexpression of KLF15 in hepatoma cell lines increased, whereas the suppression of KLF15 expression

with RNAi reduced, the activities of HBV surface and core promoters (Fig. 4). Consistent with these results, EMSAs and ChIP assays showed that KLF15 could bind to core and surface promoters (Fig. 5). The role of KLF15 in HBV gene expression was also confirmed in vivo using a mouse model, as we demonstrated that RNAi knockdown of KLF15 expression in the mouse liver could lead to a significant reduction in the expression of HBV core protein and HBsAg (Figs. 6 and 7), as well as HBV DNA copy number in mouse sera (Fig. 8). Therefore, KLF15 is important for modulating HBV gene expression Forskolin in vitro and viral load. By performing MCE mutagenesis

studies, we demonstrated that mutations in the two Sp1-binding sites in the surface promoter (i.e., the Z1/Z2 mutant) could reduce the transactivation effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). This observation is consistent with our ChIP assay results, which showed that these mutations reduced the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter (Fig. 5F). Because the mutations in the Sp1 sites reduced, but did not abolish, the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter, it is likely that the KLF15 binding sites partially overlap with the Sp1 sites. The possibility that there are cryptic KLF15 sites elsewhere in the surface promoter cannot be ruled out, at present. Interestingly, however, results from the ChIP assays showed that mutating the CCAAT site did not affect KLF15 binding to the surface promoter (Fig. 5), but yet it abolished the effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). It is conceivable that KLF15 needs to cooperatively interact with NF-Y, which binds to CCAAT,12 to exert its effect on the S promoter. Using similar approaches, we also found that mutations in the consensus KLF15 sequence in the core promoter could abolish the effects of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2C and D).

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig

KLF15 knockdown also reduced the HBV DNA level in the serum (Fig. 7C). Similar to HBsAg profiles, this reduction effect was more prominent with 50 than with

30 μg of KLF15 RNAi construct. To further confirm the effect of KLF15 on HBV replication, we generated an HBV genome with the CPm2 mutations that abolished the stimulatory effect of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2D). The replication efficiency of this HBV mutant plasmid in mice was then compared with that of the wild-type plasmid by hydrodynamic 5-Fluoracil price injection. As shown in Fig. 8, mice injected with the mutant genome had significantly lower levels of viral DNA in the sera than those injected with the wild-type genome (Mann-Whitney U = 27.0, P = 0.030, two-tailed). These results demonstrated the importance of the KLF15 response element in the core promoter in HBV replication. In this study, we demonstrated that the transcription factor, KLF15, could activate HBV major surface and core promoters (Figs. 1 and 2). The overexpression of KLF15 in hepatoma cell lines increased, whereas the suppression of KLF15 expression

with RNAi reduced, the activities of HBV surface and core promoters (Fig. 4). Consistent with these results, EMSAs and ChIP assays showed that KLF15 could bind to core and surface promoters (Fig. 5). The role of KLF15 in HBV gene expression was also confirmed in vivo using a mouse model, as we demonstrated that RNAi knockdown of KLF15 expression in the mouse liver could lead to a significant reduction in the expression of HBV core protein and HBsAg (Figs. 6 and 7), as well as HBV DNA copy number in mouse sera (Fig. 8). Therefore, KLF15 is important for modulating HBV gene expression selleck chemicals and viral load. By performing 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 mutagenesis

studies, we demonstrated that mutations in the two Sp1-binding sites in the surface promoter (i.e., the Z1/Z2 mutant) could reduce the transactivation effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). This observation is consistent with our ChIP assay results, which showed that these mutations reduced the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter (Fig. 5F). Because the mutations in the Sp1 sites reduced, but did not abolish, the binding of KLF15 to the surface promoter, it is likely that the KLF15 binding sites partially overlap with the Sp1 sites. The possibility that there are cryptic KLF15 sites elsewhere in the surface promoter cannot be ruled out, at present. Interestingly, however, results from the ChIP assays showed that mutating the CCAAT site did not affect KLF15 binding to the surface promoter (Fig. 5), but yet it abolished the effect of KLF15 on this promoter (Fig. 1C). It is conceivable that KLF15 needs to cooperatively interact with NF-Y, which binds to CCAAT,12 to exert its effect on the S promoter. Using similar approaches, we also found that mutations in the consensus KLF15 sequence in the core promoter could abolish the effects of KLF15 on the core promoter (Fig. 2C and D).

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online vers

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“The retinoid X receptor a (RXRα; NR2B1), the most highly expressed RXR isoform in liver, plays a central role in regulating bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, steroid VX-770 clinical trial and xenobiotic metabolism and homeostasis. Studies indicated that post-translational modification of RXRα, in particular, inflammation-induced phosphorylation of several sites, can lead to further post-translational modification (e. g., ubiquitination

and SUMOylation), as well as altered RXRa stability and subce l l ular localization. We have found that inflammation-induced reduction in RXRα nuclear quantities involves JNK-dependent phosphorylation at Ser260.Details regarding the fate, induction, localization and function of RXRα where Ser260 is phosphorylated are poorly understood, due to the lack of specific detecting reagents, cell

lines and mouse models. To begin to address these important issues, we developed and characterized an BMS-777607 anti-pRXRα Ser260 antibody (p260 Ab) and verified its specificity and sensitivity with shRNA knockdown, immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence assays in both human and mouse models. The phosphorylation of RXRα Ser260 is significantly increased in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of IL-1 β-treated Huh-7 cells and LPS-treated mouse liver, with a novel

finding of a submembrane localization at baseline which is increased in response to inflammation. Moreover, the JNK 上海皓元 inhibitor, SP600125, inhibits IL-1 –β-induced upregulation of pRXRα Ser260 in Huh-7 cells, suggesting that JNK is a necessary upstream kinase involved in RXRα Ser260 phosphorylation. Initial explorations with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays identified submembrane phospho-RXRα interactions with the submembrane protein β-catenin. Moreover, Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays revealed that inflammation increases the interaction between phospho-RXRα and β-catenin in IL-1 β treated Huh-7 cells and LPS treated mouse livers in both cytoplasmic and subplasma membrane locales extend our knowledge of the potential biological roles played by RXRα species. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli induce JNK-dependent RXRα Serine260 phosphorylation, the interaction between p-catenin and RXRα, and the subcellular redistribution of RXRα, including heretofore novel cytoplasmic and submembrane locales. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Hong Tang, Zhining Den, Astrid Kosters, Daniel A. Moore, Saul J.

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online vers

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“The retinoid X receptor a (RXRα; NR2B1), the most highly expressed RXR isoform in liver, plays a central role in regulating bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, steroid selleck screening library and xenobiotic metabolism and homeostasis. Studies indicated that post-translational modification of RXRα, in particular, inflammation-induced phosphorylation of several sites, can lead to further post-translational modification (e. g., ubiquitination

and SUMOylation), as well as altered RXRa stability and subce l l ular localization. We have found that inflammation-induced reduction in RXRα nuclear quantities involves JNK-dependent phosphorylation at Ser260.Details regarding the fate, induction, localization and function of RXRα where Ser260 is phosphorylated are poorly understood, due to the lack of specific detecting reagents, cell

lines and mouse models. To begin to address these important issues, we developed and characterized an selleck compound library anti-pRXRα Ser260 antibody (p260 Ab) and verified its specificity and sensitivity with shRNA knockdown, immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence assays in both human and mouse models. The phosphorylation of RXRα Ser260 is significantly increased in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of IL-1 β-treated Huh-7 cells and LPS-treated mouse liver, with a novel

finding of a submembrane localization at baseline which is increased in response to inflammation. Moreover, the JNK 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 inhibitor, SP600125, inhibits IL-1 –β-induced upregulation of pRXRα Ser260 in Huh-7 cells, suggesting that JNK is a necessary upstream kinase involved in RXRα Ser260 phosphorylation. Initial explorations with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays identified submembrane phospho-RXRα interactions with the submembrane protein β-catenin. Moreover, Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays revealed that inflammation increases the interaction between phospho-RXRα and β-catenin in IL-1 β treated Huh-7 cells and LPS treated mouse livers in both cytoplasmic and subplasma membrane locales extend our knowledge of the potential biological roles played by RXRα species. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli induce JNK-dependent RXRα Serine260 phosphorylation, the interaction between p-catenin and RXRα, and the subcellular redistribution of RXRα, including heretofore novel cytoplasmic and submembrane locales. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Hong Tang, Zhining Den, Astrid Kosters, Daniel A. Moore, Saul J.

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online vers

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“The retinoid X receptor a (RXRα; NR2B1), the most highly expressed RXR isoform in liver, plays a central role in regulating bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, steroid Decitabine solubility dmso and xenobiotic metabolism and homeostasis. Studies indicated that post-translational modification of RXRα, in particular, inflammation-induced phosphorylation of several sites, can lead to further post-translational modification (e. g., ubiquitination

and SUMOylation), as well as altered RXRa stability and subce l l ular localization. We have found that inflammation-induced reduction in RXRα nuclear quantities involves JNK-dependent phosphorylation at Ser260.Details regarding the fate, induction, localization and function of RXRα where Ser260 is phosphorylated are poorly understood, due to the lack of specific detecting reagents, cell

lines and mouse models. To begin to address these important issues, we developed and characterized an BGB324 purchase anti-pRXRα Ser260 antibody (p260 Ab) and verified its specificity and sensitivity with shRNA knockdown, immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence assays in both human and mouse models. The phosphorylation of RXRα Ser260 is significantly increased in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of IL-1 β-treated Huh-7 cells and LPS-treated mouse liver, with a novel

finding of a submembrane localization at baseline which is increased in response to inflammation. Moreover, the JNK MCE公司 inhibitor, SP600125, inhibits IL-1 –β-induced upregulation of pRXRα Ser260 in Huh-7 cells, suggesting that JNK is a necessary upstream kinase involved in RXRα Ser260 phosphorylation. Initial explorations with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays identified submembrane phospho-RXRα interactions with the submembrane protein β-catenin. Moreover, Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays revealed that inflammation increases the interaction between phospho-RXRα and β-catenin in IL-1 β treated Huh-7 cells and LPS treated mouse livers in both cytoplasmic and subplasma membrane locales extend our knowledge of the potential biological roles played by RXRα species. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli induce JNK-dependent RXRα Serine260 phosphorylation, the interaction between p-catenin and RXRα, and the subcellular redistribution of RXRα, including heretofore novel cytoplasmic and submembrane locales. Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Hong Tang, Zhining Den, Astrid Kosters, Daniel A. Moore, Saul J.