The reaction was stopped by acidification with formic acid

to 1%. Peptides were separated on a C18 column (Zorbax 300SB-C18) using a nano LC system (Agilent 1200) that was coupled Palbociclib cost to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Agilent 6520) with a liquid chromatography-chip electrospray ionization interface. The raw LCMS data were preprocessed using the Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software (Agilent). For the search in the LipR sequence, a user-defined residue modification has been introduced for Asp phosphorylation and set as variable amino acid modification. SPR measurements were performed on a Biacore 3000 (GE Healthcare) using a streptavidin-coated SA sensor chip Decitabine mouse (GE Healthcare). Chips were conditioned and equilibrated with HBS-P buffer (GE Healthcare; 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM

NaCl, and 0.005% (v/v) P20 surfactant). A volume of 260 μL of 0.6 μg mL−1 biotinylated DNA fragments were injected at a flow rate of 5 μL min−1 across one of the flow cells of a streptavidin sensor chip resulting in 500–1000 resonance units (RUs). Protein binding experiments were performed at 25 °C at a flow rate of 70 μL min−1. LipR-P and LipR were diluted in HBS-P buffer prior to injections. The sensor surface was regenerated after each cycle with 3 M MgCl2 (30 s contact time). Pseudomonas alcaligenes strains were grown overnight in 2× TY liquid medium. A small volume of each culture (~5 μL), corrected for differences in cell density, was spotted on 1% (v/v) tributyrin as described (Braun et al., 1999). To investigate the involvement of the RpoN protein in the regulation of

lipase expression, we created P. alcaligenes mutant strain Ps1101 C59 purchase by insertional inactivation of rpoN. The effect of rpoN inactivation on lipolytic activity was studied with the indicator assay plates containing tributyrin. As shown in Fig. 1, Ps1101 displayed a remarkably reduced clearance zone, similar to the lipR-inactivated strain Ps1100, as observed earlier (Krzeslak et al., 2008). This finding supports the hypothesis that lipase expression is governed by LipR and RpoN. As a further proof of the involvement of LipR and RpoN in lipA promoter activity, the pTZlipA vector bearing the lipA-lacZ transcriptional fusion was introduced into the strains Ps93, Ps1100, and Ps1101. The level of lipA-lacZ expression in the parental strain Ps93 was higher than of strains Ps1100 and Ps1101 (Fig. 2). This is in agreement with the observation of impaired lipase production on tributyrin plates for the Ps1100 mutant (Krzeslak et al., 2008) and the Ps1101 mutant (Fig. 1) strains. The sequence of LipR and its similarity to other DNA-binding regulators such as CbrB (Abdou et al., 2011) and NtrC (Weiss et al.

These findings indicate that a Sytx1/DCC interaction is required for Netrin-1 guidance of migrating neurons, thereby highlighting a relationship between guidance signaling and SNARE proteins that regulate membrane turnover. “
“The stimulation of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors, such as γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptors, activates G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels, which influence membrane Fluorouracil excitability. There is now evidence suggesting that G protein-coupled receptors and G protein-gated inwardly-rectifying K+ [GIRK/family 3 of inwardly-rectifying K+ (Kir3)] channels do not diffuse freely within the plasma membrane,

but instead there are direct protein–protein interactions between them. Here, we used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, co-immunoprecipitation, confocal and electron microscopy techniques to investigate the oligomerization of GABAB receptors with GIRK channels containing the GIRK3 subunit, whose contribution to functional channels is still unresolved.

Co-expression of GABAB receptors and GIRK channels in human embryonic kidney-293 cells in combination with co-immunoprecipitation experiments established that the metabotropic receptor forms stable complexes with GIRK channels. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we have shown that, in living cells under physiological conditions, GABAB receptors interact directly with GIRK1/GIRK3 heterotetramers. In addition, we have provided evidence that the receptor–effector complexes are also found in vivo and identified that the cerebellar find more granule cells are one neuron population where the interaction probably takes place. Altogether, our data show that signalling complexes Histone demethylase containing GABAB receptors

and GIRK channels are formed shortly after biosynthesis, probably in the endoplasmic reticulum and/or endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus complex, suggesting that this might be a general feature of receptor–effector ion channel signal transduction and supporting a channel-forming role for the GIRK3 subunit. “
“Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden In Drosophila, serotonin (5-HT) regulates aggression, mating behaviour and sleep/wake behaviour through different receptors. Currently, how these various receptors are themselves regulated is still not completely understood. The KCTD12-family of proteins, which have been shown to modify G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling in mammals, are one possibility of auxiliary proteins modulating 5-HT receptor signalling. The KCTD12-family was found to be remarkably conserved and present in species from C. elegans to humans. The Drosophila KCTD12 homologue Kctd12-like (Ktl) was highly expressed in both the larval and adult CNS.

6B. All animals acquired instrumental responding as shown by a significant effect of day (F7,63 = 10.51, P < 0.0001). Although the rate of responding was significantly lower on day 1 than all other days

of operant conditioning (Tukey; all P-values < 0.001), responding rapidly leveled off and was maintained at this rate selleck for the remaining 7 days of training. There was no main effect of future cocaine treatment, nor an interaction of treatment by day. Cocaine self-administration.  Following Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, rats were trained on either a cocaine or water self-administration procedure over 14 days. During training, complications with catheter patency prevented some cocaine-administering rats from completing all days of training (n = 3), and these rats were not used in subsequent analyses. Across the last 3 days of training, successful cocaine self-administering rats (n = 3) showed stable Selleck Cobimetinib responding, completing 35.8 ± 4.9 responses with a mean intertrial interval of 3.7 ± 0.4 min. Yoked control rats equipped with electrophysiological arrays (n = 3) received the same amount of saline via the catheter as the paired cocaine self-administering rats. However, rats

in the control group nosepoked to receive water reinforcements. Due to the large variability across saline-treated animals, a two-way anova indicated no significant differences between the cocaine and water self-administering groups for the number of all nosepokes (F1,4 = 2.72, P = 0.17), nor an effect of day (F13,52 = 1.6, P = 0.10) or interaction of group × day (F13,52 = 1.6, P = 0.10). Pavlovian-to-instrumental

transfer.  Finally, rats were run on PIT (Fig. 6C). Across all subjects, Selleckchem Decitabine there was a main effect of cue (F2,5 = 17.66, P < 0.001). A Tukey test showed that lever pressing during the CS+ was significantly greater than during the CS− (P < 0.002) and the baseline (P < 0.001). A significant interaction of treatment × cue (F1,6 = 5.48, P < 0.001) revealed that there was a modest trend towards an increase in the rate of lever pressing during the CS+ compared with the baseline in the saline control group (Tukey; P = 0.07; other comparisons not significant), whereas, in contrast, cocaine-treated animals showed a significant difference between the CS+ and baseline (Tukey; P < 0.005) and between CS+ and CS− (Tukey; P < 0.01). Further, although there were no differences in lever-pressing rates between the treatment groups during baseline (Tukey; P = 0.23), the cocaine group pressed significantly more during the CS+ than the saline group (Tukey; P < 0.001). Similar to lever-pressing behavior, rats showed an enhanced foodcup response during the CS+ compared with the CS− and baseline. Specifically, a main effect of cue (F2,12 = 7.88, P < 0.01) revealed a significant increase in foodcup entries during the CS+ compared with the CS− (Tukey; P < 0.02) and baseline (Tukey; P < 0.

Travel medicine is a burgeoning

international field requiring up-to-date information on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of disease and injury among travelers. It is an academic discipline that requires a reference textbook that keeps pace with constantly changing trends Selleckchem Forskolin in disease and injury. The third edition of the Manual of Travel Medicine satisfies the requirement for a ready reference source of information on important disease and injury concerns relevant to the pre- and post-travel consultation, as well as provides a framework for the delivery of this information. This Australian textbook should not be confused with the Manual of Travel Medicine and Health, which has been reviewed elsewhere.[1] This third edition of the Manual of Travel Medicine has a dedication, a table of contents, a section on vaccine terminology and abbreviations, a preface, a section about the authors, nine chapters, six appendices, a list of key readings, and a comprehensive index. In addition, it has an attractive cover that includes a picture of part of the Great Wall of China. There is no foreword, list of tables, or figures. The structure of the third edition of the Manual of Travel Medicine is similar to that of the second edition,[2] except that it now has a dedicated chapter to the post-travel health issues plus

the book has swollen in size by about 80 pages. Chapters include “Principles of Pre-travel Health Care”; “Immunisation”; “Malaria Prevention”; “Travellers’ Diarrhoea”; “Non-vaccine-preventable

CYTH4 CDK and cancer Infections”; “Non-infectious Problems”; “Travellers with Special Needs”; “Health Issues in Returned Travellers”; and “Resources for Travel Health Information.” The Appendices include “Common Travel Destinations”; “Infection-distribution Maps”; “Countries: Vaccine Recommendations and Rabies Status”; “Malaria Risk by Country and Recommendations for Chemoprophylaxis”; “Vaccines: Routes, Schedule, Lower Age Limit, Accelerated Regimens”; and “Vaccine Introduction and Use in Australia. The third edition of the Manual of Travel Medicine is easy reading and consistent in its approach. Highlights include the extensive use of summary tips and provision of key and further readings. At 141 pages, more than one third of the textbook, the chapter on immunization is one of the most comprehensive A–Z of vaccine preventable diseases found in any travel medicine textbook. Other points of interest include a section on visiting friends and relatives. The third edition would not be a major reference on first aid, safety, finding medical assistance abroad, emergency assistance and aeromedical evacuation, travel insurance, and fitness to dive. Apart from the disease distribution maps in Appendix 2, there are no figures or photographs in the textbook. The third edition of Manual of Travel Medicine is written by leading medical staff based in Melbourne, Australia.

4/100 PM vs 11.5/100 PM). A review of the literature on diarrhea among long-term travelers (military or not) by Riddle and colleagues previously reported the increase of incidence rates of diarrhea by a factor of up to six between self-reported data and

epidemiological surveillance systems.10 The rate in our prospective study (8.9/100 PM) is close to the median rate of 6–7/100 PM from clinical or passive surveillance according to Riddle’s review. Our self-reported incidence rate is also similar (27.4/100 PM compared to 29/100 PM).10 The proportion of soldiers self-reporting diarrhea was similar to that observed among military forces deployed during Operation Desert Shield in 1991.6 Similarly, the proportions of soldiers seeking medical care (around 40%) selleck chemicals llc or unable to work (around 26%) were also equivalent.6 The well-known phenomenon of low self-limitation due to diarrhea,1 confirmed in our study (0.5 days loss of duty per episode;

ie, 173 days/318 diarrheal episodes), could partly explain the low frequency of medical consultation, as well as the sub-optimal therapy reported when seeking Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor care. Personal physiological susceptibility to diarrhea also reported for protozoa, bacteria, or virus infections may explain why some soldiers experienced diarrhea early and more than once during the same stay.11–13 Patients with recurrence could also have developed intestinal functional post-infectious disorders as sequela of their early acute infections during the early phase of development. However, they may also have had risky behaviors not investigated

in the retrospective self-questionnaire. Furthermore, the later experience of diarrhea by soldiers with a single diarrheal episode may be due to a tendency to get lax with prevention measures over time among Branched chain aminotransferase people less susceptible to pathogens.14 Systematic prophylaxis by antibiotics has been proposed for diarrhea prevention, as well as availability of some antibiotics for travelers’ self-therapy.11,12 In our study, no one reported antibiotics as self-treatment for diarrhea, but French soldiers had the facilities to seek medical care due to the presence of military physicians on the field. Nonetheless, antibiotics were rarely prescribed (10%) and hospitalization concerned around one in six cases. It is thus not obvious that differential health seeking behaviors were due to the severity of symptoms. It seems more likely that soldiers seek care for the first episode and then self-treat subsequent episodes with the medication provided the first time, or reassured by the evolution of the first episode, they just “wait and see.” On the other hand, the one third still consulting for secondary episodes may be those with severe symptoms or self-treatment failure.

Safety assessments

included physical examination and recording of directly observed and spontaneously reported adverse events. Assessments performed at 12 months have been published previously in the 52-week follow-up study report [14]. Standardized ultrasonography was used to measure the total cutaneous thickness (epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous thickness) in the nasogenian buy X-396 area, which is located below the malar bone in front of the masseter muscle. The examinations were conducted by the same radiologist, using a scanner (Acuson-Siemens Sequoia 512; Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountainview, CA, USA) equipped with a 14-MHz linear array transducer. A large amount of acoustic coupling gel was used and the scanning was performed with minimal pressure. Four measurements were made from each nasogenian area and a mean value (right+left cheek)/2 was calculated at each visit. All the ultrasonographic examinations were recorded. A treatment responder was defined as a patient with a total cutaneous thickness >10 mm. Patient and physician satisfaction with treatment outcome was evaluated using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale [14] with scores from (1) very much improved to (5) worse. Self-satisfaction with facial appearance was recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) with scores from (0) not satisfied

R788 at all to (100) completely satisfied. Information about possible changes in patients’ self-esteem after treatment with hyaluronic acid was captured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale [16] and scores ranged from (0) low self-esteem to (60) high self-esteem. These tools are described in more detail in the 52-week follow-up

study report [14]. Related samples tests were used to compare values obtained at the first and subsequent visits: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for continuous variables and the McNemar test for binary variables. The level of significance used was 5%. Results are L-NAME HCl presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. Twenty patients, one female and 19 male, were enrolled between September 2004 and April 2005 and are included in the study analysis. At baseline, the patients were 49 ± 7 years old and their mean weight was 74.7 ± 10.0 kg. Eighteen patients were Caucasian and two were of African descent. They had a long history of HIV infection; the mean duration from the first positive test was 13.6 years (minimum 8.5 and maximum 20.0 years), and the mean time on ART was 10.0 years (minimum 6.9 and maximum 15.6 years). All but one patient had been on stavudine (mean time on stavudine 40 ± 27 months) and 17 had stopped taking stavudine at least 1 year before inclusion. Details about the use of zidovudine were not included.

Girl : boy ratio was 2.3 : 1.0. The subgroup distribution showed oligoarticular JIA in the majority of patients (60%). Prevalence of JIA

in this study in a semi-urban area of Bangladesh was consistent with established population-based studies in developed countries. Clinical pattern of JIA patients also had similarities with reports from Western countries. “
“Background:  Ocular lesions, the main morbidity of Behcet’s disease (BD), are the most difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab. Methods:  Inclusion criteria were retinal vasculitis and edema, resistant to cytotoxic drugs. Twenty patients were randomized to a rituximab group (RG) or cytotoxic combination therapy group (CCTG). Rituximab was given in two 1000-mg courses (15-day interval). Subjects received methotrexate (15 mg/weekly) check details with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The CCTG received pulse cyclophosphamide (1000 mg/monthly), azathioprine (2–3 mg/kg per day) and prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The primary endpoint was the overall state of patients’ eyes and the Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI). Secondary endpoints were: visual acuity (VA), posterior uveitis (PU), and retinal vasculitis (RV). The baseline data were compared

at 6 months by paired sample t-test and analysis of variance. Results:  TADAI improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.340, P = 0.009), but not in the CCTG (t = 2.241, P = 0.052). For PF-01367338 research buy secondary endpoints (RG/CCTG), the mean VA improved in two patients versus three (2/3), remained unchanged in 1/1, and worsened in 7/6 patients. The mean PU improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.943, P = 0.001), not in the CCTG

(t = 2.371, P = 0.028). RV improved, but not statistically (t = 2.027, P = 0.057 vs. t = 1.045, P = 0.31). Edema of retina, disc and macula improved significantly Resminostat in both, but much better for the RG (t = 2.781, P = 0.012 vs. t = 2.707, P = 0.014). Conclusion:  Rituximab was efficient in severe ocular manifestations of BD, TADAI improved significantly after 6 months with rituximab, but not with CCT. “
“Foot involvement is not uncommon and occurs early in the disease course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inflammation and ongoing synovitis of foot joints lead to joint destruction and instability, tendon dysfunction, and eventually collapse of the medial longitudinal arch and pes planovalgus that contributes to difficulty in walking and gait abnormalities. This article reviews foot-related problems in patients with RA, focusing on the prevalence, natural history and role of imaging in both diagnosis and management of midfoot and subtalar joint disease in RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)[1] is a multisystemic, chronic progressive inflammatory disease affecting all ethnic groups with overall prevalence of 1–2% of the population.[2] Joint pain, stiffness and swelling are the most notable presenting complaints among patients with RA.

Girl : boy ratio was 2.3 : 1.0. The subgroup distribution showed oligoarticular JIA in the majority of patients (60%). Prevalence of JIA

in this study in a semi-urban area of Bangladesh was consistent with established population-based studies in developed countries. Clinical pattern of JIA patients also had similarities with reports from Western countries. “
“Background:  Ocular lesions, the main morbidity of Behcet’s disease (BD), are the most difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rituximab. Methods:  Inclusion criteria were retinal vasculitis and edema, resistant to cytotoxic drugs. Twenty patients were randomized to a rituximab group (RG) or cytotoxic combination therapy group (CCTG). Rituximab was given in two 1000-mg courses (15-day interval). Subjects received methotrexate (15 mg/weekly) learn more with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The CCTG received pulse cyclophosphamide (1000 mg/monthly), azathioprine (2–3 mg/kg per day) and prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg per day). The primary endpoint was the overall state of patients’ eyes and the Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI). Secondary endpoints were: visual acuity (VA), posterior uveitis (PU), and retinal vasculitis (RV). The baseline data were compared

at 6 months by paired sample t-test and analysis of variance. Results:  TADAI improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.340, P = 0.009), but not in the CCTG (t = 2.241, P = 0.052). For EMD 1214063 secondary endpoints (RG/CCTG), the mean VA improved in two patients versus three (2/3), remained unchanged in 1/1, and worsened in 7/6 patients. The mean PU improved significantly in the RG (t = 3.943, P = 0.001), not in the CCTG

(t = 2.371, P = 0.028). RV improved, but not statistically (t = 2.027, P = 0.057 vs. t = 1.045, P = 0.31). Edema of retina, disc and macula improved significantly Baf-A1 datasheet in both, but much better for the RG (t = 2.781, P = 0.012 vs. t = 2.707, P = 0.014). Conclusion:  Rituximab was efficient in severe ocular manifestations of BD, TADAI improved significantly after 6 months with rituximab, but not with CCT. “
“Foot involvement is not uncommon and occurs early in the disease course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inflammation and ongoing synovitis of foot joints lead to joint destruction and instability, tendon dysfunction, and eventually collapse of the medial longitudinal arch and pes planovalgus that contributes to difficulty in walking and gait abnormalities. This article reviews foot-related problems in patients with RA, focusing on the prevalence, natural history and role of imaging in both diagnosis and management of midfoot and subtalar joint disease in RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)[1] is a multisystemic, chronic progressive inflammatory disease affecting all ethnic groups with overall prevalence of 1–2% of the population.[2] Joint pain, stiffness and swelling are the most notable presenting complaints among patients with RA.

Beyond these limitations, we believe that the MeBT could prove to be a simple, informative and valuable diagnostic instrument for monitoring hepatic mitochondrial function. This breath test is an assay that can help to improve and extend our understanding of HIV disease in the 21st century, and enable us to envision HIV disease in a new way – instead of seeing it as a chronic viral infection, we can see HIV as a trigger for metabolic disease. We are grateful to Mr Sean Hosein for helpful discussions and

editorial assistance. “
“The aim of the study was to estimate the cumulative incidence of, and rates of progression to, invasive anal cancer (IAC) according to baseline anal cytology screening category in an unselected HIV clinical care cohort

Doxorubicin mw in the antiretroviral CDK inhibitor era. A retrospective cohort analysis of HIV-infected patients under care at the University of California at San Diego Owen Clinic was carried out. Patients were eligible for this analysis if they had at least two anal cytohistological results available for longitudinal analysis. Kaplan−Meier analysis was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of IAC over time according to baseline cytology category [less than high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) versus HSIL]. Cox regression analysis was used to adjust for the following covariates: antiretroviral use, level of HIV viraemia, smoking status and infrared photocoagulation (IRC) Cytidine deaminase ablation therapy. Between 2000 and 2012, we followed 2804 HIV-infected patients for a median of 4 years under a clinic protocol requiring baseline anal cytology screening. Incident IAC was diagnosed in 23 patients. Patients with a baseline HSIL anal cytology had an estimated 5-year probability of progression to IAC of 1.7% and an estimated annual progression risk of 1 in 263. None of the examined covariates was significantly associated with IAC incidence when examined

in separate unadjusted Cox models. HIV-infected patients with a baseline HSIL anal cytology had a 5-year cumulative incidence of IAC of 1.65%, with an upper 95% confidence bound of 4.5%. This population-based study provides quantitative risk estimates that may be used for counselling patients regarding management options for abnormal cytology results. “
“The use of umbilical cord blood (CB) that is genetically resistant to HIV infection has been proposed as a novel stem cell therapy for the treatment of patients with AIDS. These genetically unique CB units (CBUs) should be present in public CB banks at a predicted frequency. The chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) genotypes of CBUs donated to the M. D. Anderson CB Bank by four Houston area hospitals were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing.

After accepting electrons from NDH-2, menaquinol can be reoxidized via two alternative routes, ending with either a cytochrome aa3-type or a cytochrome bd-type terminal oxidase (Fig. 1, for a review, see Cox & Cook, 2007). In the energetically

more efficient route, menaquinol is oxidized by the cytochrome bc1 complex (consisting of subunits QcrA-C), which then transfers the electrons to the terminal cytochrome aa3-type oxidase (CtaC-F) (Matsoso et al., 2005). The cytochrome bc1 complex GS-1101 concentration and the cytochrome aa3 oxidase, thought to form a super complex in mycobacteria, are proton-translocating enzymes, assuring the high energetic yield of this route (Niebisch & Bott, 2003; Matsoso et al., 2005). Alternatively, menaquinol can be directly oxidized by a cytochrome bd-type terminal oxidase (CytA-B) (Kana et al., 2001). This reaction is not coupled to proton pumping; consequently, the cytochrome bd oxidase route is energetically EX 527 manufacturer less efficient. However, cytochrome bd oxidase displays a higher affinity for oxygen and is thus used at low-oxygen tensions (Kana et al., 2001), whereas the cytochrome aa3-type enzyme is the predominant terminal electron acceptor during aerobic growth (Shi et al., 2005).

The energy of the proton motive force is subsequently utilized by ATP synthase for the synthesis of ATP. During dormancy, NDH-2 was found to be upregulated, whereas NDH-1 is strongly downregulated (Schnappinger et al., 2003; Shi et al., 2005). The cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome aa3 complexes are downregulated as well; however, the cytochrome bd-type oxidase is transiently upregulated, arguably to facilitate transition to the dormant state by contributing

to redox balance (Shi et al., 2005). The question of the predominant terminal electron acceptor in the dormant state is still open. It has been suggested that nitrate reductase (NarG-I) acts as an acceptor, and indeed, the enzymatic activity of nitrate Erastin reductase was found to be increased (Wayne & Hayes, 1998), and addition of nitrate increased the viability of dormant mycobacteria (Gengenbacher et al., 2010). Moreover, the nitrate transporter NarK2 is upregulated during dormancy (Schnappinger et al., 2003; Voskuil et al., 2003; Shi et al., 2005). The subunits of the ATP synthase complex were found to be downregulated using in vitro dormancy models as well as an in vivo mouse lung infection model (Shi et al., 2005; Koul et al., 2008). This considerable remodeling in dormant mycobacteria reflects reduced oxygen availability and decreased energy requirements in a state without growth. During dormancy, cellular ATP levels are ∼10-fold lower as compared with replicating bacilli (Starck et al., 2004; Koul et al., 2008; Rao et al., 2008; Gengenbacher et al., 2010). Nevertheless, dormant M. smegmatis are active in respiratory ATP synthesis and maintain an energized membrane (Koul et al., 2008). Furthermore, both replicating and dormant M.