In order to predict and treat DILI, the detailed mechanisms underlying its development must be clarified. However, the pathogenesis of DILI remains unclear because the diagnosis is usually retrospective. A subset of patients with DILI present with clinical findings associated with allergic reactions, such as rashes or eosinophilia.[2] These reactions in patients with DILI are associated with several cytokines.[3, 4] Therefore, cytokine interactions may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DILI. A50-YEAR-OLD MAN who was being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus and alcoholic liver injury with insulin by a general physician visited

our department complaining of dyspnea and pyrexia. Moist rales were detected in the left lower lung. Cardiac and abdominal examinations were unremarkable. The laboratory data revealed leukocytosis, liver RNA Synthesis inhibitor injury and hyperbilirubinemia: white blood cell (WBC) count, 14700/mL; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 225 IU/L; and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), 1090 IU/L. Chest radiography revealed an infiltrative shadow accompanied by

an air bronchogram in the right upper lobe. The patient was diagnosed with alcoholic liver injury and pneumonia. The pneumonia was treated with several antibiotics: tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC, 9 g/day) from the first hospital day to the seventh hospital day, micafungin (MCFG, 75 mg/day) from the eighth hospital day to selleck inhibitor the 17th hospital day and levofloxacin (LVFX, 500 mg/day) from the eighth hospital day to the 17th hospital day. On the 15th hospital day, the pneumonia improved and the liver enzyme level

returned to normal. However, the patient complained of right upper abdominal distention on the 16th hospital day. 上海皓元 Although this symptom rapidly disappeared after 4 h, asymptomatic liver injury was detected on the 17th hospital day: ALT, 666 IU/L; γ-GTP, 621 IU/L; and alkaline phosphatase, 2113 IU/L (Fig. 1 and Table 1). No causes of acute liver injury, such as cholelithiasis, viral infection or autoimmune disease, were detected (Supporting Information Fig. S1). Therefore, a diagnosis of DILI due to antibiotics was suspected, and all medications were discontinued, except for insulin. The liver enzyme elevation improved by the 22nd hospital day without specific therapy, and the patient was discharged on the 26th hospital day. Although drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) was performed for TAZ/PIPC, MCFG and LVFX, DLST for all these medicines was negative. The Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method score in this case was 10 and the Japan Digestive Disease Week score was 9 (Table 2). According to the patient’s clinical course, the antibiotics were considered to be the causal drugs (Fig. 1). Serum samples were collected on the 15th hospital day, when the serum liver enzyme levels were within the normal limits, and it was 2 days before marked elevation in the liver enzymes levels was observed.

Is this level of bleeds acceptable? Furthermore, can intensive prophylactic treatment reduce bleed rate and avoid joint bleeds entirely?

These important questions remain to be answered. For individuals with haemophilia who develop inhibitors to FVIII concentrates, ITI therapy is often employed as a means of eradicating the inhibitor. In terms of candidate patients, there are two main categories: those with ‘good’ and those with ‘bad’ prognostic features for a successful outcome (Table 1). The International Immune Tolerance Study, which was prematurely stopped because of futility and safety considerations [15], indicated that successful outcomes can be achieved in approximately two-thirds of ‘good risk’ patients treated selleck inhibitor with conventional ITI therapy [generally recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) concentrate without immunosuppressive agents]. But what can be done for the one-third of patients who fail or for those `bad risk’ patients? Over the years, several approaches for treating patients who fail Luminespib ITI therapy have been reported

(Table 2). Among these various approaches, cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil tend not to be regarded as viable options because of insufficient data, and the long-term success rate with rituximab appears low. Moreover, there is a general reluctance nowadays by clinicians to use cyclophosphamide especially in children who have no malignant conditions. The field of options for treating patients who fail conventional ITI therapy is thus narrowed to plasma-derived VWF-containing FVIII concentrates (pdVWF/FVIII).

The bulk of experience using pdVWF/FVIII concentrates for ITI therapy in patients with haemophilia derives from three retrospective studies and one prospective study. Two German studies reported much higher success rates in terms of inhibitor eradication during the years when ITI therapy had been conducted exclusively with pdVWF/FVIII concentrates medchemexpress (up to the early 1990s) compared with later years when it was substituted with rFVIII (Fig. 3) [16–18]. Importantly, both studies indicated that the majority of patients who had failed initial ITI therapy with a recombinant product achieved successful immune tolerance when their treatment was subsequently switched to a pdVWF/FVIII product. Another of the retrospective studies involved patients who were treated with high-dose pdVWF/FVIII concentrate (100–200 IU kg−1 day−1) as part of their ITI therapy at five different institutions in the US [19]. All 25 patients were considered as having a poor prognosis on the basis of their clinical and laboratory characteristics. Overall, complete success (Bethesda negative, normal FVIII recovery and half-life) was achieved in 32% of patients. Another 40% of patients were described as having partial success which was defined in this study as an inhibitor titre of <10 Bethesda units (BU) and the ability to use FVIII concentrate to treat bleeds.

39; P = .009; whole brain load: r = 0.55; P = .0001) were significantly correlated with age. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible correlation between cognitive dysfunctions and WMLs load on MRI in a group of migraine patients. Our results confirmed the already reported presence of executive deficits in migraine[6, 7] as well as the presence of differences between MO and MA in terms of cognitive performances.[1] For this reason, we analyzed in particular WMLs volume in frontal Wnt activity lobe. Cognitive dysfunctions were observed in some tests such as FAB, COWAT, and Boston Scanning Test but not in others. Furthermore, a high prevalence of WMLs

on MRI[11, 12] was found in the migraine group compared with control subjects, where WMLs were found only in 1 case.[11] A cortical disconnection because of the loss of WM fibers has been hypothesized to explain executive deficits.8-10 In a recent paper,[4] no significant differences in neuropsychological tests between migraineurs and controls have been reported; a possible relationship between cognitive deficits and WMLs has been hypothesized. Two population based, cross-sectional studies[14, 15] have recently investigated the correlation

between WMLs and cognitive functions. Kurth et al.[14] found a significant relationship between any history of headache and an increased volume of WMLs and did not found any significant association between cognitive impairment assessed by Mini Mental selleck screening library State Examination (MMSE) and brain lesions. Our results are in line with these last evidences, even if our investigation was performed on a different population, using different neuropsychological tools. As a matter of fact, MMSE is considered a poor screening test to assess executive functions.[25]

For this reason, we have chosen a wider neuropsychological battery tailored to explore frontal MCE公司 functions and a semiautomated quantification method to calculate the number and volume of frontal lesions on MRI. Furthermore, we used a validated tool (MIDAS) to define the disease severity. Palm-Meinders et al[15] used an extensive neuropsychological battery, finding no significant association of WMLs load with change in cognitive scores. The pathogenetic and clinical significance of brain MRI hyperintensities in patients with migraine is still unclear. Different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed including oligemia[26] and mitochondrial dysfunction,[27] but neuropathological data are lacking. They are not associated with arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus,[11] nor with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or abnormal coagulation parameters, including antithrombin-III, Protein S, or Protein C.[28] Furthermore, several questions remain unclear, including whether WMLs accumulate over time, whether their presence constitutes a risk for stroke and whether they have an impact on cognitive functions in migraine patients.

8, 9 Conversely, conventional histopathology quickly provides a wealth of irreplaceable data about structural integrity, spatial and temporal relationships, and rare events/cells. Only a tiny fraction of information is being harvested from tissue slides primarily because data extraction is dependent on a restricted staining repertoire and manual observation.

The challenge, therefore, is to develop a PD-0332991 nmr modern replacement to the traditional histopathologic approach. Dramatic advances in robotics, digital imaging, and computing have spawned the “-omics” revolution that challenges routine histopathology for improved tissue utilization. Comprehensive examination of mRNA, protein, and metabolite expression data can be used as powerful screening tools

to query disease susceptibility, pathophysiology, and prognosis. These same innovations, however, are also revolutionizing histopathology. High-resolution whole-slide image (WSI) scanners now enable pathologists to view routinely prepared and stained slides on a computer screen instead of a microscope. Pathologists can then team with hardware and software engineers, mathematicians, and image analysis experts to greatly increase the value equation for histopathology in an era when there is increasing pressure to diagnose and monitor liver diseases noninvasively.8 We recently reported on the power of combining WSI, multiplex nanoparticle quantum dot I BET 762 staining, and automated MCE image analysis

to envisage and analyze multiple protein labels on a single slide to reveal biological mechanisms.7, 10-16 We use this novel approach to study liver epithelial diversity in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, normal human liver tissue. In this report, automated quantitative data collection that described cell numbers, types, and nuclear/cytoplasmic analyte expression was spatially tethered to the tissue architecture. This enabled us to illustrate and locate preexisting diversity within BECs and hepatocytes in normal human liver, including the transition zone between these cell types in the canals of Hering (CH). This might lead to a better understanding of the considerable diversity that quickly appears during disease states.5 BEC, biliary epithelial cell; CD31, cluster of differentiation 31; CH, canal of Hering; EC, endothelial cell; HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell; ROI, region of interest; SMA, smooth muscle actin; SMC, smooth muscle cell; WSI, whole slide image. Four-μm sections from eight formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and one frozen liver tissues were used for the analyses (Supporting Table 1; Institutional Review Board protocol 0404010, University of Pittsburgh). Before study inclusion, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides from each case were reviewed. Tissues were prepared and stained as described.

“
“Molecular assays were used to determine the sex of 1,294 biopsied common dolphins (658 long-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus capensis, and 636 short-beaked common dolphins, D. delphis) in the Southern California Bight. Sex ratio differed substantially between the two species;

females comprised 241 (36.6%) of D. capensis samples and 410 (64.5%) of D. delphis samples. All biopsies were taken either from a large research ship or from a small, rigid-hull inflatable Vismodegib datasheet boat (RHIB) launched from the larger ship. When conducting replicate biopsy effort on the same schools from each vessel/platform (“Tandem Biopsy Sampling”), we found evidence that disproportionately more female D. capensis were biopsied from the RHIB than from the ship but the same was not true for

XL184 molecular weight D. delphis. We suspect that these results are driven by bowriding-behavior differences between the two species. Biopsy duration, geographic location, school size, and Julian date were considered as potential covariates with sex ratio; geographic location was the only one to show strong evidence of correlation. This study also presents an alternative to the erroneous practice of comparing sex ratios to a theoretical assumption of parity (i.e., 50:50 sex ratio) when researchers avoid sampling animals paired with calves. “
“Development implies a change in allocation of resources from somatic growth to reproduction. In a highly variable environment, growth can vary from year to year thereby influencing the long-term life history perspective. The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) lives in a highly unpredictable marine environment in which food abundance varies not only seasonally, but also annually due to El Niño. Galapagos sea lions are restricted to a patch of cold upwelling waters surrounding the archipelago and are closely tied to land as nursing females alternate between foraging at sea and nursing ashore. Therefore, their offspring are especially vulnerable to ocean warming causing reduced food abundance. We found

a significant correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and early growth: Both mass 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 at birth and linear growth within the first 2 mo of life correlated negatively with SST. Absolute mass gain was higher for males, but both sexes gained equally 1.9% of birth mass per day. Until the age of 3 yr male and female juveniles showed similar growth to an asymptotic mass of 40 and 35 kg, respectively. As a consequence of the highly variable environment, the plasticity in growth strategy of Galapagos sea lion juveniles appears wider than that of all other sea lions allowing them to cope with poor conditions. “
“Historically, the range of the southern right whale (SRW) included winter calving grounds around the North and South Islands (mainland) of New Zealand (NZ) and in the NZ subantarctic Auckland and Campbell Islands.

0%) in Child B/C patients. [Results] The WFA+-H1-12 showed a gradual increase with the progression of liver fibrosis, but there was no correlation with the presence of HCC. The median value of

WFA+-H1-12 was significantly higher in LC (214.0 (34.2-574.7) ng/ml) than that in CH (83.0 (5.0-240.0) ng/ml). In a subset of patients with LC (including HCC), there was no significant difference of WFA+-H1-12 between those with and without HCC [HCC 207.0 (39.7-574.7) ng/ml vs. non-HCC 217.0 (34.2-552.0) ng/ml], whereas the WFA+-H1-12 was significantly higher in Child B/C [267.0 (105.0-574.8) ng/ml] than that in Child A [202.1 (34.2-479.3) ng/ml)] (P=0.0009). To elucidate the relationship between the WFA+-H1-12 and the outcome of LC, Child A patients without HCC were subdivided into two groups by the WFA+-H1-12 concentration [high WFA+-H1-12 group (>240 ng/ml, n=14, Palbociclib price median observation periods 27.5 (19-108) month), and low WFA+-H1-12 group (<240 ng/ml, n=26), median observation periods 49 (11-1 78) month)]. The survival rate of the high WFA+-H1-12 group was significantly lower than the low WFA+-H1-12 group (P=0.017): 5 year survival rate was more than 90% in low WFA+-H1-12 group, but only 36% in the high WFA+-H1-12 group. Especially, of the patients with extremely high WFA+-H1-12 (>300 ng/ml), 4 were hepatic failure and 1 had

HCC, suggesting that high WFA+-H1-12 related to hepatic failure. These results showed that the WFA+-H1-12 concentration could be a feasible index for prognosis prediction. [Conclusions] The diagnostic utility of WFA+-H1-12 provides a estimating 上海皓元 the chance of disease progression and predicting the prognosis INK 128 datasheet of the LC. Disclosures: Yasuhito Tanaka – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co ., Ltd.; Grant/Research Support:

Chugai Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., MSD, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED, Bristol-Myers Squibb The following people have nothing to disclose: Etsuko Iio, Tsunamasa Watanabe, Yuzuru Ikehara, Makoto Ocho, Akira Togayachi, Atsushi Kuno, Masanori Gotoh, Takashi Joh, Masashi Mizokami, Hisashi Narimatsu Objective To enhance the diagnostic accuracy of liver stiffness measurement by means of FibroScan combined with APRI or FIB-4 models in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus. Methods The study prospectively enrolled 31 3 patients between January 2012 and December 2012 who had been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and who underwent both liver biopsy and FibroScan on the same day. The data was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Results There were 215 males (68.7%) and the mean age of patients was 35.6±1 1.2 years. The area under the ROC (AUROC) of FibroScan, APRI and FIB-4 for predicting moderate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection were 0.791, 0.792 and 0.796, the cutoff values were 9.3KPa, 0.65 and 1.15, the sensitivities were 55.1%, 62.

An NAS ≥ 5 correlated with the diagnosis of NASH (n = 137), patients with scores <3 were diagnosed as not having NASH (n = 1), and patients with scores of 3 and 4 were diagnosed as having borderline NASH (n = 48; Fig. 1). The follow-up, symptoms, and adverse effects were assessed as described previously. Biochemical measurements were conducted at the Central Laboratories of Dr. Spranger and Partner (Ingolstadt, Germany). Data were selleck chemicals llc evaluated with SAS version 9.1 statistical software. Statistical analysis was performed by Sonja Kaftan at the Institute for Research and Development (IFE Europe GmbH, Essen, Germany). Fisher’s exact test with a two-sided significance level

of 0.050 is 80% capable of detecting a difference between a selleckchem group 1 proportion of 0.3 and a group 2 proportion of 0.1 when the sample size in each group is 69. With a protocol violation rate of approximately 15% taken into account, 170 patients should be enrolled. Pre-post differences between the histology sum scores at the baseline and at the study end were calculated for each group by the two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test with an α-level of 5%. Pre-post differences between each of the histological criteria and pre-post differences between each

of the liver function tests and the other clinical parameters were compared with the Wilcoxon rank sum test. For the comparison of each of the parameters between the treatment groups, Fisher’s exact test was used. UDCA (500-mg Ursofalk tablets) and placebo were provided by Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH (Freiburg, 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Germany). The placebo was identical in shape, color, and size. The patient information leaflet for study participation was prepared by IFE Europe. Before enrollment into the study, written, informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Frankfurt (Frankfurt,

Germany) on June 4, 2002 and by Landesärztekammer (LAEK) Hessen on June 25, 2002 according to §40 Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG), and it was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The first patient entered the study in August 2002, and the last one completed it in April 2008. Thirty-nine of the 186 patients were removed from the ITT set because of major protocol violations. Opening of the emergency code envelope occurred for two patients. For six patients, the first biopsy sample was older than 1 month, and two patients had antinuclear antibody/smooth muscle antibody titers >1:160. For seven patients, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or ALT level was less than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal, and they did not have simultaneous findings indicative of metabolic syndrome. In one patient, type 2 diabetes could not be controlled sufficiently. One patient had concomitant medication (bezafibrate) for more than 48 days. In 9 patients, the date of the final visit was later than 90 days, and 11 patients were not compliant.

Table 6 contains estimates of the “total” net income from practice of prosthodontics in 2007 and 2010. In 2010, the ADA continued to report an increase in the nation’s dentists to 173,990 dentists in private practice, an increase of 3.7% over the number in 2008. The EGFR activity number of active prosthodontists is estimated to grow to 3343 in 2009, of which 2667 were estimated to be in private practice (80%). Most prosthodontists are owners of the private practice where they treat patients, and about 60% of private practicing prosthodontists are in solo practice. The dental industry has recently witnessed some changes

in the economic conditions of practice. These changes have partially coincided with the recent, relatively long recession endured by the economy from late 2007 to mid-2009. While general production, income, and employment in the economy have been under relatively http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html negative economic pressures, so has the dental industry in general, and the prosthodontist practice industry specifically. In general, the characteristics of private practice prosthodontists include an average age of 53, an average number of years since graduation of 26 years, a mean number of 20 years since completion of residency and

treating patients in the current practice for an average of 13 years. Nineteen percent of private practicing prosthodontists are women, and 55% of practicing prosthodontists are sole proprietors in their practice setting. Although not a complete measure, the mean net earnings of individuals are often used as a quick indicator of the economic healthiness of the industry where those individuals work. A recent article has shown that the (real) net incomes of general dentists declined from 2005 to 2009 at an average annual rate of 2.86% per year over the 4-year period. In this study, general dentists were referred to as “independent” 上海皓元 dentists, meaning that they were the owners or shared in the ownership of the private practice. In the case of prosthodontists, the mean net income of owner prosthodontists was $289,230 in

2010, which was down from the average net earnings in 2007 of $312,860 (Table 5). This is an average annual decline of 2.6% and a decline of 4.3% per year after adjusting for inflation. Whether measured in terms of nominal or constant dollar values, net earnings per owner, net earnings per prosthodontist, and net earnings for solo prosthodontists declined over the period 2007 to 2010. The ADA published an article documenting the decline in the average net income of private practicing dentists and general dentists.[4] Reasons for the decline include changes in several economic and dental variables, but the article focuses on the decline in visits to the dentist. Recently, the ADA published their view of the slow recovery in net income of private practicing dentists in a policy brief published by the ADA’s Health Policy Resources Center.

It was at last by an emergency endoscopy that a gastric tumor was detected. Finally, the examinations of endoscopic ultrasonography and CT indicated the gastric

click here varices. Reasons for failing to find out the disease cause by endoscopy examination at early stage may be considered as follows: (1) the pancreatic portal hypertension came after gastrointestinal bleeding, and the vein vascular pressure dropped down with local bleeding and blood vessels collapsed; (2) The local mucosal was rehabilitated after hemostasis treatment; (3)There existed errors in the reversal of gastric fundus operation. The key to the treatment of pancreatic portal hypertension is to block the blood supply of the splenic buy Tamoxifen artery. Most scholars advocate splenectomy. Removal of the spleen can improve the state of congestion in the spleen and stomach areas, reduce the blood flow of gastric varices and variceal, and control upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Lessons learned: (1) Since the patient had no medical history of chronic pancreatitis, and admission ultrasound found no pancreatic lesions, this disease was not at first taken into consideration; (2) The lack of awareness of the disease. The majority

of patients only paid attention to it after vomiting. Furthermore, endoscopists need to attach importance to endoscopic operating practices so as to improve the diagnosis of gastric lesions, and expand the clinical thinking of gastrointestinal bleeding. This patient was cured after operation and the 1-year follow-up visiting showed no recurrence of the disease.

Key Word(s): 1. Portal Hypertension; Presenting Author: ROMMELPARULAN ROMANO Additional Authors: JOSEDECENA SOLLANO Corresponding Author: ROMMELPARULAN ROMANO Affiliations: University of Santo Tomas Hospital Objective: The Glasgow Blatchford Score (GBS) is an accepted risk classification system for patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) and has been validated in several studies. While the GBS may identify whether a patient will need an endotherapeutic intervention, there are no studies MCE公司 demonstrating the correlation of the scores with stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH) which influence decision-making for administering endotherapy. The aim of this study is to determine whether GB scores may be able to predict the Forrest class of the bleeding ulcers in patients with NVUGIB. Methods: Data was gathered through a nationwide NVUGIB survey of training and select regional institutions using an electronic database designed to capture clinical, laboratory and endoscopic information about patients who presented with NVUGIB from August 2010-July 2011. Of the 1142 patients with NVUGIB, 551 patients who received a pre-endoscopic PPI infusion and underwent an upper GI endoscopy within 24 hours of presentation were analyzed. The Forrest classification was utilised to determine SRH.

jamesonii. They shared RAPD markers with the tested representatives of the forma specialis chrysanthemi. Some isolates

of those tested from diseased G. jamesonii were placed in a different cluster, which included representative isolates of forma specialis tracheiphilum. This is the first report of F. oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum on G. jamesonii. A rapid protocol for DNA extraction directly from fungal colonies grown on potato dextrose agar allowed complete analysis in less than 4 h. “
“Mango malformation has become the most important global disease on mango. Fusarium species previously associated with this disease include F. mangiferae, F. mexicanum, F. sterilihyphosum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. tupiense. A few strains of F. proliferatum have been reported from MI-503 Malaysia, but in this study, we report the results

of more extensive sampling. The recovered strains selleck chemicals llc were evaluated with morphology, mating tester strain cross-fertility, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and partial DNA sequences of the genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef-1α) and β-tubulin (tub-2). Amongst the 43 strains evaluated, three species were identified – F. proliferatum, F. mangiferae and F. subglutinans – with F. proliferatum being the most frequent (69%). None of the Fusarium species that appear to originate in the Americas were recovered in Malaysia, which suggests special measures may be warranted to keep these species from entering the country. “
“This paper describes the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of Phytophthora blight of tobacco and other plants. The PCR primers were designed based on a Ras-related protein (Ypt1) gene, and 115 isolates representing 26 species of Phytophthora and 29 fungal species of plant pathogens were used to test the specificity of the primers. PCR amplification with species-specific (Pn) primers resulted in a product of 389 bp only from isolates of P. nicotianae. The detection sensitivity with Pn medchemexpress primers was 1 ng of genomic DNA. Using Ypt1F/Ypt1R as first-round amplification primers, followed by a second round using the primer

pair Pn1/Pn2, a nested PCR procedure was developed, which increased the detection sensitivity 100-fold to 10 pg. PCR with the Pn primers could also be used to detect P. nicotianae from naturally infected tobacco tissues and soil. The PCR-based methods developed here could simplify both plant disease diagnosis and pathogen monitoring as well as guide plant disease management. “
“The epiphyte Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 22d / 93 (Pss22d), isolated from soybean leaves, had been characterized as a promising and species-specific biocontrol strain in vitro and in planta against the plant pathogen P. syringae pv. glycinea (Psg), which causes bacterial blight of soybean. Three toxins are known to be produced by Pss22d: syringomycin, syringopeptin and 3-methylarginine (MeArg).