Although RXLR-dEER-bearing proteins could cross the plasma cell membrane autonomously, some evidence suggests that entry may be more efficient at the haustorium,

where the plant cell wall was penetrated [26], emphasizing the analogy of the haustorial hypha with the T3SS injectisome and the nematode stylet. Subsequent to characterization of Avr1b and Avr3a, a super-family of 385 RXLR dEER proteins in the P. sojae genome PLX-4720 cost and 370 in the P. ramorum genome was identified using bioinformatic approaches such as recursive BLAST and HMM searches [21]. The existence of this predictive motif among oomycete effectors with varying levels of experimental characterization can be used to highlight the importance of evidence codes https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBW2992.html in GO annotation. Given the experimental evidence, the Phytophthora Avr1b and Avr3a gene products can be annotated with “”GO:0052048 interaction with host via secreted substance”" with an experimental evidence code. Once a specific structure or mechanism is identified through which the effectors are delivered, a more specific child term will be created and applied. Given the presence of the RXLR-dEER motif in the bioinformatically characterized proteins, it is appropriate to infer that like Avr1b, these proteins are

also targeted to the host cell and can be annotated to “”GO:0052048 interaction with host via secreted substance”". However, in these cases the annotation would be accompanied by the evidence code “”Inferred from Sequence Model”" Tenofovir (ISM) with the Avr1b protein accession documented as the experimentally characterized effector. Where do they lay camp when in

the host? Prokaryote and eukaryotic pathogens alike secrete effector proteins into the host apoplast as well as into host cells where they may localize to the cytoplasm and subcellular compartments, including the mitochondrion, nucleus and the chloroplast. Specific terms were developed by the PAMGO consortium under the cellular component ontology to describe gene products from one organism (symbiont) that act in the extracellular and cellular regions of another organism (host) cell. These terms are different from terms developed to describe gene products from an organism acting in cellular locations within the same organism. Gene products from one organism acting in regions of another organism are described with “”GO:0043657 host cell”" and its child terms. The term host cell has a “”part-of”" relationship with the parent term “”GO:0018995 host”" which in turn is a child term of “”GO:0043245 extraorganismal space”". In contrast, gene products from one organism acting in regions of that same organism are captured under “”GO:0044464 cell part”" and its child terms. “”Cell part”" has a part of relationship with “”GO:0005623 cell”" which is a direct child of the root “”GO:0005575 cellular component”".

Int J Cancer 2002, 99:68–73.PubMedCrossRef 46. Dalal KM, Kattan MW, Antonescu CR, Brennan MF, Singer S: Subtype specific prognostic nomogram for patients with primary liposarcoma of the retroperitoneum, extremity, or trunk. Ann Surg 2006, 244:381–391.PubMedCentralPubMed 47. Hakin-Smith V, Jellinek DA, Levy D, Carroll T, Teo M, Timperley WR, McKay MJ, Reddel RR, Royds JA: Alternative lengthening of telomeres and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Lancet 2003, 361:836–838.PubMedCrossRef 48. Wiestler B, Capper D, Holland-Letz

T, Korshunov A, von Deimling A, Pfister SM, Platten M, Weller M, Wick W: ATRX loss refines the classification of anaplastic gliomas and identifies a subgroup of IDH mutant astrocytic tumors with better prognosis. Acta Neuropathol 2013, 126:443–451.PubMedCrossRef 49. Schweizer L, Koelsche C, Sahm F, Piro RM, Capper D, Reuss DE, Pusch

S, Habel A, Meyer J, Gock T, Jones DT, check details Mawrin C, Schittenhelm J, Becker A, Heim S, Simon M, Herold-Mende C, Mechtersheimer G, Paulus W, Konig www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html R, Wiestler OD, Pfister SM, von Deimling A: Meningeal hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumors carry the NAB2-STAT6 fusion and can be diagnosed by nuclear expression of STAT6 protein. Acta Neuropathol 2013, 125:651–658.PubMedCrossRef 50. Mantripragada KK, Caley M, Stephens P, Jones CJ, Kluwe L, Guha A, Mautner V, Upadhyaya M: Telomerase activity is a biomarker for high grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1 individuals. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008, 47:238–246.PubMedCrossRef 51. Rodriguez FJ, Folpe AL, Giannini C, Perry A: Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: diagnostic overview and update on selected diagnostic problems. see more Acta Neuropathol 2012, 123:295–319.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 52. Venturini L, Daidone MG, Motta R, Cimino-Reale G, Hoare SF, Gronchi A, Folini M, Keith WN, Zaffaroni N: Telomere maintenance mechanisms in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: expression and prognostic

relevance. Neuro Oncol 2012, 14:736–744.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 53. Sangiorgi L, Gobbi GA, Lucarelli E, Sartorio SM, Mordenti M, Ghedini I, Maini V, Scrimieri F, Reggiani M, Bertoja AZ, Benassi MS, Picci P: Presence of telomerase activity in different musculoskeletal tumor histotypes and correlation with aggressiveness. Int J Cancer 2001, 95:156–161.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions CK and MR contributed equally to this work. CK, MR, WH, EW, TS, GE, PS, AvD and GM performed data analyses. WH, EW and GM carried out the histological review of cases. CK, MR, NW and RP performed molecular analyses. AU, ERK, BL, IA, PS and GM collected cases. CK and GM conceived and designed the study, and prepared the initial manuscript. GM supervised the project. All authors contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

2007a), which contain not only a fraction of exact exchange but also a fraction of orbital-dependent nonlocal correlation energy estimated at the level of second-order many-body perturbation theory. These new functionals, such as TPSSh (Staroverov et al. 2003) and B2PLYP (Grimme 2006a, b), respectively, yield improved NVP-BGJ398 mouse energetics

and spectroscopic properties, and will likely see more use in the future as their performance and range of applicability is established. Properties and applications Geometries Optimizing the geometry of the species under investigation is the first step in most theoretical studies. Geometries predicted by DFT tend to be quite reliable and the optimized structures usually agree closely with X-ray diffraction (XRD) or extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data. From our experience, the achievable accuracy for short and strong metal-ligand bonds is excellent, whereas intra-ligand

AZD8055 molecular weight bonds are predicted typically within 2 pm of experiment. Weaker metal-ligand bonds are usually overestimated by up to 5 pm (Neese 2006a, b). A reasonable choice of basis set has to be made, although this condition does not pose particularly stringent requirements since the structures predicted by all DFT methods generally converge quickly with basis set size, thus making geometry optimization rather economical. Basis sets of valence triple-ζ quality plus polarization are usually enough to get almost converged results for geometries; however, results obtained with smaller basis sets should be viewed with caution. An extended study of the performance of various modern functionals

and basis Metalloexopeptidase sets for the geometries of all first-, second-, and third-row transition metals has recently appeared (Bühl et al. 2008). Weak interactions are not satisfactorily treated with current density functionals owing to the wrong asymptotic behavior of the exchange-correlation potential, but this deficiency can be overcome to some extent by inclusion of functional-specific empirical dispersion corrections (Grimme 2006a, b). Concerning the choice of method, the differences between density functionals are usually small for structural parameters making the choice of functional not critical for the success of a geometry optimization. GGA functionals provide good geometries and are sometimes even better than hybrid functionals, which also tend to be more expensive (Neese 2006a, 2008a). The computational efficiency of GGA in practical applications stems from the density fitting approximation (Baerends et al. 1973; Vahtras et al. 1993; Eichkorn et al. 1997) that is implemented in many quantum chemistry programs and significantly speeds up GGA calculations. This allows for fast optimizations, an important advantage especially when many different probable structures have to be considered.

Geographic locations are similar for studies. Employment type was similar

between studies reporting an effect and those who did not. Average sample sizes were found to be similar. There are differences in the average baseline response with an average of 67 % for studies reporting no effect compared to 44 % for those reporting an effect but average attrition rates are similar. All studies employed multivariable analysis. The average follow-up time was 2.3 years (3 months Atezolizumab price to 6 years) for studies reporting no effect compared to 6 years (2–10 years) for studies that do report an effect. Employment social support and recovery from back pain In total, 13 studies report 19 findings on the association between work support and return to work (RTW) for those with back pain. Overall, 11 findings report no association, 7 findings report associations whereby lower levels of work support delay RTW or recovery status and 1 study reports a weak reverse effect (Table 1). Of the findings of effect supporting an association between low work support and delays in RTW, 4 were judged as weak, 1 as moderate and 2 of strong effect. Co-worker support (CWS) In BI 6727 mouse total, 4 studies report effects, 2 finding an association that lower levels of CWS delay RTW status (Mielenz

et al. 2008; van den Heuvel et al. 2004), 1 reporting a reverse effect (Schultz et al. 2004) and 1 reporting no association (Helmhout et al. 2010). All studies were judged to have used an adequate measure Buspirone HCl of CWS. The assessment of LBP varied between studies: the study finding no association (Helmhout et al. 2010) using recurring LBP in the previous 4 weeks, the study reporting a reverse effect (Schultz et al.) measuring pain and disability in the previous 6 months, and the 2 studies reporting a positive association using biomechanical assessment (Mielenz et al. 2008) and presence of LBP in the previous 12 months (van den Heuvel et al. 2004). Geographic

locations were similar for all studies. The 2 studies that report an association drew their samples from general workers, whereas the study reporting no association used a military sample, and the study reporting a reverse effect recruited general workers on current compensation for their LBP. Average sample size was larger for the studies reporting an association (1,042 vs. 190), and they also report a greater average response rate (88 vs. 32 %). Average follow-up response rates were lower for the 2 studies reporting an association (69 %) compared to 85 % for the Schultz et al. (2004) study; Helmhout et al. (2010) failed to report on attrition. Multivariable statistical testing was used by studies reporting an association, the study who reported no association and the study who found a reverse effect both used univariable analysis.

Nano Lett 2004, 4:719–723.CrossRef 50. Murphy CJ, Gole AM, Hunyadi SE, Stone JW, Sisco PN, Alkilany A, Kinard BE, Hankins P: Chemical sensing and imaging with metallic nanorods. Chem Commun 2008, 5:544–557.CrossRef 51. Zhang XD, Wu D, Shen X, Liu PX, Fan FY, Fan SJ: In

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in cell culture medium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009, 68:83–87.CrossRef 56. Ehrenberg MS, Friedman AE, Finkelstein JN, Oberdörster G, McGrath JL: The influence of protein adsorption on nanoparticle association with cultured endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2009, 30:603–610.CrossRef 57. Møller P, Jacobsen RN, Folkmann KJ, Danielsen HP, Mikkelsen L, Hemmingsen GJ, Vesterdal KL, Forchhammer L, Wallin H, Loft S: Role of selleck screening library oxidative damage in toxicity Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) of particulates. Free Radical Res 2010, 44:1–46.CrossRef 58. Choi EJ, Kima S, Ahna HJ, Youna P, Kangb SJ, Park K, Yid J, Ryua DY: Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2010, 100:151–159.CrossRef 59. Stone V, Shaw J, Brown MD, Macnee W, Faux PS, Donaldson K: The role of oxidative stress in the prolonged inhibitory effect of ultrafine carbon black on epithelial cell function. Toxicol In Vitro 1998, 12:649–659.CrossRef

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P. gingivalis serotyping Serotyping of P. gingivalis was based on the detection of the six described K-antigens [8, 9]. In short, serotype-specific, polyclonal antisera were obtained after immunization of rabbits with whole bacterial cells of the six P. gingivalis type strains [42]. Bacterial antigens for double immunodiffusion tests were prepared as described previously [8]. Immunodiffusion was carried out in 1% agarose (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, type 1, low EEO) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.6). 10 μl antiserum and 10 μl of antigen were loaded and allowed to diffuse and precipitate for 48 hours at room temperature. India ink negative staining P. gingivalis cells were taken from 4 day-old

plates and resuspended in 1 ml of PBS. On a glass slide 10 μl of this suspension was mixed with 10 μl of selleck screening library India ink (Talens, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands) and using another glass slide a thin film was made. The film was air-dried. A drop of 0.2% fuchsine was carefully added onto the film and removed after 2 minutes by decanting. Then the film was air-dried. Pictures were taken with a Leica DC500 camera on a Zeiss Axioskop using phase-contrast. Growth curve Pre-cultures of W83 and the epsC mutant were grown anaerobically for 18 hours in BHI+H/M at 37°C. The pre-cultures were diluted to an OD690 of 0.05 in duplo in fresh BHI+H/M and incubated anaerobically at 37°C. Every few

hours the OD690 was measured and a sample was taken for cfu-counts. Sedimentation of P. gingivalis W83 and the epsC mutant were grown anaerobically for 18 hours in BHI+H/M at 37°C. After 3 wash steps in phosphate buffered saline Midostaurin price (PBS) the OD690 was standardized to 5 in DMEM with 10% FCS. 10 ml of this culture was added to 40 ml DMEM with much 10% FCS in a 100 ml flask to set the OD690 to 1. The cultures were incubated standing still at 37°C for six hours. At regular time intervals, a 200 μl sample was taken 0.5 cm from the liquid surface and the decrease of the OD690 values was determined as a measure for sedimentation. Survival of P. gingivalis W83, the

epsC mutant and the complemented mutant were grown anaerobically for 18 hours in BHI+H/M at 37°C. After 2 wash steps in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) the pellets were resuspended in DMEM with 10% FCS to an OD690 of 0.05 as used in fibroblast infections at MOI 10.000:1. 500 μl of these suspensions was incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Samples for cfu-counts were taken at t = 0 hours, t = 3 hours and t = 6 hours and dilutions were plated on BA+H/M plates. Infection of gingival fibroblasts with P. gingivalis Bacteria were grown overnight for 18 hours in BHI+H/M. The bacterial cells were washed three times in PBS and then used to infect gingival fibroblasts at MOIs of 1000:1 and 10.000:1 (bacteria cells: fibroblasts) in a total volume of 500 μl DMEM with 10% FCS in 24-well plates.

Fig. 3 Life form of the naturalized plant species in China. Left: life form of the naturalized plants; Right: life form of herbs. Ann annual, Bie biennial, Per perennial,

A/B annual or biennial, A/B/P annual or biennial or perennial We compared the proportion of naturalized annual: perennial species in our dataset to the equivalent proportion in the datasets on invasive plant species (compiled by Weber et al. 2008) and on “major” invasive plant species (compiled by Liu et al. 2006). We found that the proportion of annual plant species decreased evidently when moving from naturalized through invasive to “major” invasive (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Changes of proportion of life form during naturalization and invasion stages. Data of invasive plants are extracted from Weber et al. (2008), and data of major invasive plants are from Liu et al. (2006). NP naturalized plants, IP invasive plants, MIP major invasive FDA-approved Drug Library price plants. Annuals used here include annual or biennial herb JQ1 purchase and vein; perennials used here include perennial herb, herb/shrub, shrub, liana and tree Discussion Most previous studies of alien species in China have focused on spatial patterns, species composition and risk assessment of “harmful invasive plants”. However, the number of invasive plants in China reported in previous

publications has varied widely, likely due to varying taxonomies, varying definitions of “invasive” and to incremental increases in knowledge. For example, Ding and Wang (1998) reported 58 invasive plants of China; 80 (Xiang et al. 2002); 90 (Li and Xie 2002), 108 (Qiang and Cao 2000), 126 (Liu et al. 2006), 188 (Xu et al. 2006b), and 270 (Weber et al. 2008). Weber and Li (2008) have suggested that a research priority for efficient invasive species management program in China is therefore to assemble standard information on the country’s naturalized species. In the present study, the total number of recorded naturalized Palmatine plant species was more than twice as many as that reported by Wu et al. (2010a). This increase in the total number of naturalized plants is likely due to a combination: (1) nationwide coverage (including not only mainland

China, but also Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan); (2) compilation of further relevant documents and literatures, especially the recently published regional floras and naturalized literatures; and (3) strict definition of “naturalized”, without any inference to environmental or economic impact. Nevertheless, the total number and the proportion of naturalized plants to the whole flora in China are still relatively low compared with other regions. For example, 1,780 naturalized alien plant species have been recorded in Europe (Lambdon et al. 2008), accounting for about 15% of the continent’s flora. The proportions of naturalized plant species in other northern-hemispheric regions are even higher, e.g. Ontario (Canada) 28% (Morton and Venn 1990), and California (USA) 18% (Hickman 1993).

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As far as samples b to d with the reduction time of 1 h (as shown in Figure 8 (b)) are concerned, the peaks remain almost as strong as that of sample a, suggesting that the reduction of sample b has not completely occurred. Meanwhile, the peaks of samples c and d do not have a significant difference, indicating that the period time of 5 h is enough to reduce the graphene oxide. When the amount of AgNO3 is added from 2 to 10 mg (samples e to g), the peaks seem to be similar with those of samples

c and d since a few existing Ag particles do not block the reaction. However, when the amount of AgNO3 is excessive as 20 mg (sample h) and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library solubility dmso 300 mg (sample i), all peaks become stronger again, which means that the side effects will arise gradually as the amount of AgNO3 increases. Figure 8 FTIR spectra of graphite, graphene oxide, and graphene-Ag composite films. (a) Graphene oxide films, (b to d) graphene films (reduced by ascorbic acid), (e to i) graphene-Ag composite films (the amount of AgNO3 was from 2 to 300 mg in each film), and (j) graphite. Thermogravimetric analysis has also been performed. Figure 9 exhibits TGA curves of (a) graphite; (b) graphene oxide; (c to e) graphene films reduced for 1, 5, and 12 h;

and (f to j) graphene-Ag composite films with the amount of AgNO3 from 2 to 300 mg under nitrogen atmosphere. In the left image of Figure 9, graphene oxide (Figure 9 (b)) and the graphene reduced for only 1 h (Figure 9c) have an inferior thermal stability, while the pristine graphite is quite stable below Deforolimus clinical trial 600°C. The decomposition of graphene oxide begins at 200°C, which is probably due to the loss of the acidic functional groups and residues. When reduction time is more than 5 h (Figure 9 (d) and (e)), the TGA curves of graphene only exhibit a slight mass loss at a temperature lower than 600°C, which suggests

that the enhancement of thermal stability is achieved after the oxygen-containing functional groups are removed during reduction [18, 28]. In addition, Ag particles can also affect the thermal stability Methisazone of graphene. If the amount of AgNO3 is appropriate (no more than 10 mg), the TGA curves of graphene-Ag composite films exhibited a mass loss at a temperature lower than 600°C, slightly lesser than that of graphene reduced only by ascorbic acid. However, when the amount of AgNO3 is 20 mg and 300 mg, the TGA curves of the composite films turned out to have the same trend as that of graphene oxide. The right image of Figure 9 exhibits the weight loss of partial samples at a temperature from 690°C to 700°C; it can be seen that the residue weight increases as the amount of AgNO3 is increased, and more than 15% weight is left at 690°C as the AgNO3 is excessive up to 300 mg. We can also find that the residue weight of samples i and j has a little difference with the EDX results. It may be due to the excessive Ag particles which aggregated and deposited nonuniformly on the surface of the graphene-Ag composite films.