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for intensity-modulated radiation therapy of head and neck cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 46:619–630.PubMedCrossRef 9. Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, Coia L, Goitein M, Munzenrider JE, Shank B, Solin LJ, Wesson M: Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991, 21:109–122.PubMed 10. Strigari L, Arcangeli G, Arcangeli S, Benassi M: Mathematical model for evaluating incidence of acute rectal toxicity during conventional or hypofractionated radiotherapy courses for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73:1454–1460.PubMedCrossRef Branched chain aminotransferase 11. Marzi S, Arcangeli G, Saracino B, Petrongari MG, Bruzzaniti V, Iaccarino G, Landoni V, Soriani A, Benassi M: Relationships between rectal wall dose-volume constraints and radiobiologic indices of toxicity for patients with prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 68:41–49.PubMedCrossRef 12. Rancati T, Fiorino C, Gagliardi G, Cattaneo GM, Sanguineti G, Borca VC, Cozzarini C, Fellin G, Foppiano F, Girelli G, Menegotti L, BMN673 Piazzolla A, Vavassori V, Valdagni R: Fitting late rectal bleeding data using different NTCP models: results from an Italian multi-centric study (AIROPROS0101). Radiother Oncol 2004, 73:21–32.PubMedCrossRef 13. Abate A, Pressello MC, Benassi M, Strigari L: Comparison of IMRT planning with two-step and one-step optimization: a strategy for improving therapeutic gain and reducing the integral dose. Phys Med Biol 2009,54(23):7183–98.

We should note that the Zn3N2 NWs probably follow Sepantronium a vapour-liquid-solid-like mechanism similar to the case of GaN NWs, since no deposition

occurred on plain Si(001) or Al2O3. The XRD of the Zn3N2 NWs, also shown in Figure  3, is similar to that of the Zn3N2 layers prepared on Au/Si(001). In addition, we observed new peaks which are characteristic of Zn3N2 and, more importantly, do not belong to ZnO. Figure 3 XRD spectra of the Zn 3 N 2 NWs grown on 1 nm Au/Al 2 O 3 at 600°C under NH 3 :H 2 . Inset shows the SEM image of Zn3N2 NWs. The absorption-transmission spectrum of the Zn3N2 NWs that were grown on 1.0 nm Au/Al2O3 was measured with a Perkin-Elmer Lamba 950 used to determine the optical band gap E OP according to αhν ∝ (hν − E OP) n by extrapolating the linear portion of the curve to zero absorption, where

hν is the Linsitinib photon energy and n = 1 / 2 for direct transitions. A plot of the square of absorption versus energy for the Zn3N2 NWs grown here is shown as an inset in Figure  4 from which we find that XMU-MP-1 concentration E OP = 3.2 eV which is consistent with the PL of the Zn3N2 NWs of Zong et al. [8] and the PL emission of the Zn3N2 layers shown in Figure  1, as well as with the predictions of Long et al. [23] who suggested that optical gap energies measured in the range 2.12 to 3.2 eV correspond to band-to-band transitions. Figure 4 Self-consistent conduction-band edge potential with respect to the Fermi level. E C − E F (E F = 0 eV) versus radial position for a 50-nm diameter Zn3N2/ZnO core-shell NW. The core has a radius of 24 nm. Inset shows the absorption squared versus energy for the Zn3N2 NWs grown on 1 nm Au/Al2O3. However, according to the ab initio electronic structure calculations of Li et al. [17], the fundamental gap of Zn3N2 is 1.17 eV which is in agreement with the results of Suda and Kakishita [24] who found that the energy

gap of polycrystalline Zn3N2 layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on quartz is ≈1.0 eV and explained that large blue shifts of the E OP are due to the Burstein-Moss shift. In addition, the large carrier densities of 1019 to 1020 cm−3 measured by Suda and Kakishita [24] were attributed to oxygen contamination. nearly We ought to mention here that the growth conditions for the Zn3N2 NWs gave Zn3N2 layers on Au/Si(001), not ZnO NWs which would have been obtained if the oxygen background was substantial. Since no ZnO NWs were obtained, the oxygen background under the conditions used for the growth of the Zn3N2 is negligible, especially under the presence of H2. In short, it is unlikely that the Zn3N2 NWs contain O from the main gas stream, while it is also unlikely that they contain O from the Al2O3 bonds which are extremely stable at 500°C to 600°C.

Boswellic acid extract and

AKBA have also been reported to be safe and exert minimal toxicity on human skin cells [39]. The recent study indicates that B. serrata is non-mutagenic in Ames test, and is non-clastogenic in in vitro chromosomal aberration study [40]. Oral preparations of Boswellic serrata extract containing AKBA are sold in the market as over the counter (OTC) anti-inflammatory formulations and are considered to be quite safe [41]. The ancient Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda) claims these preparations to be safe and effective dietary supplement against joint disorders [42, 14, LEE011 research buy 15]. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies carried out in humans yielded low concentrations of boswellic acids in plasma [43–45]. In the study reported by Buechele and Simmet [44] AKBA was found in plasma at a concentration of 0.1 μM after the daily intake of 4 × 786 mg Boswellia see more extract for 10 days. In accordance with the observations made in humans, KBA and AKBA were detected at a concentration of 0.4 and 0.2 μM, respectively; in rat plasma following single oral dose administration of 240 mg/kg Boswellia serrata extract [46]. Further attempts should be made to improve the bioavailability

of AKBA through lipid based delivery systems. As the literature suggested that the intake of a high fat meal increases three to fivefold in the plasma concentrations of boswellic acid molecules [47]. In addition to the above reported usage and safety Progesterone associated with AKBA, the potent antibacterial GW2580 datasheet activity reported in this study warrants that the structure of AKBA can be further exploited to evolve potential lead

compounds in the discovery of new anti-Gram-positive and anti-biofilm agents. Methods Extraction and isolation of boswellic acid molecules from gum resin of Boswellia serrata BA, KBA, ABA and AKBA were obtained from Bio-organic Chemistry Division of Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, India. The extraction, isolation, and quantification of these compounds from gum resin of Boswellia serrata were described in our previous study [17, 23]. Bacterial strains and culture conditions The bacterial strains used in this study were S. aureus ATCC 29213, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. faecium ATCC 8042, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, E. coli ATCC 25292, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and 112 isolates of various bacterial pathogens (MRSA 50, E. faecalis 22, E. faecium 18, S. epidermidis 12 and vancomycin resistant E. faecalis 10). All ATCC strains were procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Clinical isolates of all strains were kindly gifted by Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, India and Lupin pharmaceutical, Pune, India.

Table  1 also shows that the two different electrolyte formulas have the same variation trends as the used voltage increases. As the voltage was changed from 0.00 to -0.50 V, the ratios of Bi and Sb elements in (Bi,Sb)2 – x Te3 + x compositions increased. Two reasons are Ro 61-8048 chemical structure believed to cause those results. First, the reduced reactions

of Bi3+, Sb3+, and Te4+ ions start at -0.23, -0.23, and 0.20 V (Figure  2). For that, as 0.00 to -0.20 V is used, the main element in the deposited materials is Te. As the voltage is smaller than -0.30 V, the driving forces of reduction for Bi3+ and Sb3+ ions increase CX-5461 and the ratios of Bi and Sb elements in the deposited compositions increase. Second, the driving force for mass transfer is typically a difference in chemical potential, though other thermodynamic gradients may couple to the flow of mass and drive it as well. As the voltage value is more negative (means the applied voltage is larger than the needed reduction voltage), the mass transfer effect will influence the compositions of the deposited (Bi,Sb)2 – x Te3 + x materials. A chemical species moves from areas of high chemical potential to areas of low chemical potential. Thus, the maximum theoretical extent of a given mass transfer is typically determined by the point at which

the chemical potential is uniform. For multiphase systems, chemical species will often prefer one phase over the others and reach a uniform chemical potential only when most of the chemical species has been AZ 628 mw absorbed into the preferred phase, while the actual rate of mass transfer will depend on additional factors including the flow patterns within the system

and the diffusivities of the species in each phase. As shown in Table  1, because the Te4+ ions have lower concentration in the two electrolyte formulas, it will easily reach the mass transfer condition because of higher consumption and then Te4+ ions will reach a saturation value (about 44 at.% for electrolyte formula (a) and 30 at.% for electrolyte formula (b)) even larger negative voltage is used. As compared for Bi3+ and Sb3+ ions, they have the larger negative reduced voltage and lower consumption, the mass transfer effect will not happen. For that, the concentrations of Bi and Sb elements will increase with increasing bias voltage (large negative voltage). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II When the potentiostatic deposition process is used, the obtained results prove that as more negative voltage is used as bias, the electrolyte concentrations (or ion diffusion effect) will influence the compositions of the deposited (Bi,Sb)2 – x Te3 + x materials. If we control the diffusion of ions (Bi3+, Sb3+, and Te4+), we can regulate the compositions of the deposited (Bi,Sb)2 – x Te3 + x materials. For that, the pulse deposition process is used to deposit the electrolyte formula of 0.015 M Bi(NO3)3-5H2O, 0.005 M SbCl3, and 0.0075 M TeCl4. The bias voltage was set at -0.40 V, the bias on time (t on) was set at 0.

The voltage across the hybrid circuit was increased from 5 to 14, 16, and finally 18 V. The light emitted varied in color, ranging from green, yellow, orange, and finally to red.

This was the result of electron transfer in the DNA hybrid molecule with increasing voltage [77]. Other important DNA-based nanoscale devices that have recently been developed include highly conductive nanowires [78], quantum dots with carbon nanotubules [79], and even radically advanced devices which detect single-nucleotide polymorphism and conduct nucleotide sequence mutation analysis [80]. With added progress in this field, it could be possible to use DNA-based electronics for both DNA-based diagnostics and sophisticated nanoscale electrical devices. DNA optoelectronics With recent advances selleck compound in the field of biological electronics, there is great interest in developing problem-solving novel nanodevices for detection [81, 82], diagnosis [83], and discovery [84]. These devices may be used for

a variety of purposes. Nano-optoelectronics is the field of applying light to achieve or modify various biological functions at the DNA or protein level. Kulkarni and colleagues recently attempted to do just that by demonstrating the ability of photons to induce conductivity in two-dimensional DNA nanostructures with and without the help of graphene (Figure 11) [85]. They proved that the conductivity of DNA lattices lined with streptavidin protein could be further improved find more by the addition of graphene sheet [85]. This optical pulse response of the DNA to graphene is very encouraging and may be exploited in the construction of biological sensors for immunological assays, DNA forensics, and toxin detection. Figure 11 Schematic of the biotinylated Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase DNA lattice structure layered onto a graphene sheet

connecting two gold electrodes, with streptavidin binding to the biotin protein [85]. In another study, Kim and colleagues attempted to construct a biosensor based on graphene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [86]. An evanescent field shift occurred in the presence of chemical or biological structures which were very sensitive in the refractive index. They were able to monitor the target analyte by attaching the selective receptor molecules to the surface of the PDMS optical waveguide resulting in a shift of the optical intensity distribution. Hence, they monitored the electrical characteristics of graphene in the dark and under PDMS wave-guided illumination. Changes in the resulting photocurrent through the graphene film showed that the fabricated graphene-coupled PDMS optical waveguide sensor was sensitive to visible light for biomolecular detection [86]. This finding can be used for the development of optical biosensor for the detection of various biological molecules in selleck inhibitor future biological assays. Correction of sequence mismatch The rise of DNA-based nanobiotechnology has led to an increase in demand for synthetic DNA.

Figure 5 Effect of MSCs on T cell apoptosis. Flk-1+CD31-CD34- MSCs at 1:10 ratios (MSCs to T cells); the data are expressed as mean ± S.D. of triplicates of five separate experiments with similar results. The test was conducted by Annexin-V and PI double staining and analyzed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis of T cells was analyzed in T cells alone (Ts), normalMSC cocultured with activated T cells (MSC + Ts), and CML patient-derived MSC cocultured with activatedT cells (CMLMSC + Ts). Annexin V+means the cells were PI negative and Annexin V positive. Data are shown as means ± S.D. of five independent selleck compound experiments (*p < 0.05 vs. Ts) Efficient extinction of

MMP-9 expression in HT1080 cells by RNAi strategy and the concomitantly upregulation of s-ICAM-1 We used an RNAi method to target MMP-9 in the CML MSC and the constructs we designed encoded an RNA that targets the MMP-9 mRNA. The target sequence had no homology with other members of the MMP family. The ds-RNA and Silencer negative control si-RNA (snc) were each tested for their ability to suppress MMP-9 specifically. We first see more assessed whether RNAi was dose and time-dependent. A MMP-9 dependent ds-RNA-mediated inhibition was observed in a dose and time dependent manner (Figure 6A). The time-course assay performed with 20 nM ds-RNA-transfected CML MSC showed that the induced MMP-9 silencing could be maintained for at least 3 days (Figure

6B). Besides, serum ICAM-1 was concomitantly changing with MMP-9. The Western blotting results were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. CML

snc-RNA-transfected cells cultured up to 3 days spontaneously released high amount of MMP-9 into the culture conditioned medium whereas ds-RNA-transfected cells showed a marked time- and dose- dependent inhibition in MMP-9 protein levels. Importantly, levels of s-ICAM-1 were also affected with ds-RNA transfection (Figure 6C). Figure 6 Efficient inhibition of MMP-9 in CML MSC using RNAi. (A) The cDNAs from snc-RNA (20 nM) and ds-RNA (1-20 nM) cells cultured for up 3 days were used as templates for PCR reactions using specific primers for MMP-9 and ICAM-1. (B) The cDNAs from snc-RNA (20 nM) and ds-RNA (20 nM) cells cultured for up 4 days were used as templates for PCR reactions using specific Rolziracetam primers for MMP-9 or 18 S ribosomal RNA. (C) MMP-9 and s-ICAM-1 production (ng/ml) in the culture supernatants of CML snc-RNA (20 nM) or ds-RNA (1-20 nM) cells were determined by Selleck NSC 683864 enzymelinked immunosorbent assays. Discussion MSC isolated from different tissues had immune regulation ability not only in vivo but in vitro and it might consist the “”immune protection site”" in human body[25, 26]. Considering their richness in source, availability for expansion, and most importantly, their robust immuno-modulatory activity, MSCs appear to be a primary candidate for cellular therapy in immune disorders[12, 16, 27].

Discussion New and effective antibiotics are crucial in this current surge of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections which have rendered many of the currently available antibiotics useless. Natural products have served and continue to provide useful lead compounds for development into chemotherapeutic agents. Aquatic microorganisms have emerged as a source of diverse chemical compounds which have not been adequately this website studied for chemotherapeutic application. Our results have revealed 27 (23%) antibiotic producing microorganism out

of 119 isolates recovered from both marine and fresh water sources in Ghana and this is the first report of this kind of study in the West African sub-region. Many reports have been made of such studies elsewhere. For example Ivanova et al. [9] reported that out of the 491 bacteria isolated from different marine sources, 26% of the isolates were active. Zheng et al. [10] also reported that 8 out of 29 strains, representing 28% of the isolates considered in their study produced antimicrobial activity against at least one of their test microorganisms. Brandelli et Akt activator al. [11] also recorded 70% of active isolates from the Amazon Basin whilst O’Brien et al. [12] recorded

as low as 0.29% (13 out of 4496) of active microbes from soil samples collected at different location in the Antarctica. The comparatively high number of antibiotic producers recorded in our study can be partly attributed to the nature of our water bodies: they are usually highly polluted with all kinds of waste materials; from domestic and PDK4 industrial wastewater discharges, mining runoff, agro-chemicals and other sources [13–16] and river wiwi, Lake Bosomtwe and the Gulf of Guinea at Duakor Sea Beach where the samples were collected

are no exceptions. To survive and maintain their niche under these harsh conditions therefore, the aquatic microorganisms need defense mechanisms and for some, antimicrobially active metabolite production could be one of such mechanisms. The ACY-738 differences among the detection rates reported in literature strongly depend on the isolation and assay procedures, test organisms, type of media used, as well as the sources of bacterial isolates [17]. In our study, only those isolates producing extracellular antibiotics were detected, hence very huge numbers could be recorded if our procedures include microorganisms producing intracellular antibiotics since they will only secrete their antibiotics into media in the presence of competition, to antagonise other organisms for survival [18]. Isolate MAI2 which was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and produced perhaps, moderately thermo-stable antibacterial metabolites, shown by exhibition of antibacterial activity when the metabolites solution was exposed to temperatures up to 100°C but destroyed at 121°C for 15 min.

Mol Microbiol 2004,52(2):601–611.PubMedCrossRef 26. Kershaw MH, Jackson JT, Haynes NM, Teng MWL, Moeller M, Hayakawa Y, Street SE, Cameron R, Tanner JE, Trapani JA, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK: Gene-Engineered T Cells

as a Superior Adjuvant Therapy for Metastatic Cancer. J Immunol 2004,173(3):2143–2150.PubMed 27. Camp ER, Summy J, Bauer TW, Liu W, Gallick GE, Ellis LM: Molecular Mechanisms VRT752271 solubility dmso of Resistance to Therapies Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2005,11(1):397–405.PubMed 28. Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, Kataoka A, Kinoshita J, Hachitanda Y: Prognostic value of the check details combination of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB-2 in breast cancer. Surgery 2003,133(2):219–221.PubMedCrossRef 29. Earp HS, Dawson TL, Li X, Yu H: Heterodimerization and functional interaction between EGF receptor family members: a new signaling paradigm with implications for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995,35(1):115–132.PubMedCrossRef 30. Park SF, Stewart GS: High-efficiency transformation of Listeria monocytogenes by electroporation of penicillin-treated cells. Gene 1990, 94:129–132.PubMedCrossRef 31. Heisig M: Übertragung von therapeutischer RNA in Tumorzellen durch Listeria monocytogenes. In Diplomarbeit. Würzburg: Universität Würzburg; 2005. 32. Loeffler D: Untersuchungen virulenzattenuierter L. monocytogenes Stämme als Impfstoffträger im Mausmodel. Wuerzburg: University of Wuerzburg; 2006. 33.

Stritzker J, Goebel W: PX-478 chemical structure Listeria monocytogenes infection-dependent transfer of exogenously added DNA to fibroblast COS-1 cells. Mol Genet Genomics 2004,272(5):497–503.PubMedCrossRef 34. Wünscher MD, Köhler S, Goebel W, Chakraborty T: Gene disruption by plasmid intergration in Listeria monocytogenes : insertional inactivation of the listeriolysin determinant LisA. Mol Gen Genet 1991, 228:177–182. 35. Stritzker J, Schoen C, Goebel W: Enhanced synthesis of internalin A in aro mutants of Listeria monocytogenes indicates posttranscriptional control of the inlAB mRNA. J Bacteriol 2005,187(8):2836–2845.PubMedCrossRef

36. Pilgrim S, Stritzker J, Schoen C, Kolb-Maurer A, Geginat G, Loessner MJ, Gentschev I, Goebel W: Bactofection of mammalian cells by Listeria monocytogenes: until improvement and mechanism of DNA delivery. Gene Ther 2003,10(24):2036–2045.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MH and AF performed the study; MH, AF, BB, KG, IG, CH, CS, JS, JF, URR and WG performed the analysis and MH, AF, URR and WG wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Streptococcus suis forms a problem in the swine industry. Clinically healthy sows carry S. suis in their nasal cavities and on their tonsils, and transmit the bacteria to their piglets [1], that develop a variety of infections, such as septicaemia, meningitis, polyarthritis, and endocarditis, and often do not survive [2]. S.

Biotechnology 1983, 1:784–791.CrossRef 39. Müller J, Miller MC, Nielsen AT, Schoolnik GK, Spormann AM: vpsA – and luxO -independent biofilms of Vibrio cholerae . FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007,275(2):199–206.PubMedCrossRef 40. Larsen RA, Wilson MM, Guss AM, Metcalf WW: Genetic analysis of pigment biosynthesis in Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2 using a new, highly efficient transposon mutagenesis

system that is functional in a wide variety of bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2002,178(3):193–201.PubMedCrossRef 41. Miller J: Experiments in Molecular Genetics. NY: Cold Spring Harbor laboratory; 1972. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JM FRAX597 carried out the majority

of the experimental work. SS constructed the mxd::lacZ reporter plasmid and KAS participated Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor in the transposon mutagenesis. JM and AMS conceived the experiments and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The benefits of human milk compared to the use of commercial infant formulas are largely realized because of its bioactive components, including prebiotics, immune proteins and the microbiome of human milk itself. Breastfeeding is associated with a decreased incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections [1, 2], which is corroborated by several studies that have correlated breastfeeding with a lower incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in humans and animal models [3–5]. Breastfeeding is also associated with an altered fecal microbiome; two studies showed at two weeks of age over 90% of the total fecal bacteria Ureohydrolase of a breast-fed (BF) infant is Bifidobacteria, whereas in most formula-fed (FF) infants Bifidobacteria is non-detectable [6, 7]. Because the community of gut-colonizing bacteria prevents adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria whilst stimulating mucosal cell proliferation and enhancing immune development, the types of predominant bacteria in the fecal

microbiome of the developing infant can affect the health outcomes of the individual, as has been discussed in a recent review article [8]. Human milk, the infant’s first food, is a primary source of ingested microbiota. Therefore, it is paramount to fully understand the human milk microbiome and how it might influence colonization of the infant GI tract. Ingestion of viable bacteria in human milk may lead to effective colonization of the infant GI tract, but the presence of bacterial DNA alone may also hold responsibility for proper infant immune development. For selleck kinase inhibitor example, unmethylated cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) dinucleotides within bacterial DNA are known as potent immune stimulators, acting through toll-like receptor 9 [9].

Exponentially growing MT-4 cells were seeded at an initial PF-02341066 chemical structure density of 1 × 105 cells/ml in 96-well plates in RPMI-1640 medium, supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 units/ml penicillin G, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Cell cultures were then incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5 % CO2 atmosphere in the absence or presence

of serial dilutions of test compounds. Cell viability was determined after 96 h at 37 °C by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method (Pauwels et al., 1988). Antiviral assays Compound’s activity against HIV-1 was based on inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cell acutely infected with a multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) of 0.01. In brief, 50 μl of RPMI containing 1 × 104 MT-4 cells were added to each well of flat-bottom microtitre trays, containing 50 μl of RPMI with or without serial dilutions of test compounds. Then, 20 μl of a HIV-1 suspension containing 100 CCID50

was added. After a 4-day incubation at 37 °C, cell viability was determined by the MTT method (Pauwels et al., 1988). In vitro ligand binding assays Ligand selleck screening library studies with native 5-HT1A receptor were conducted according to the methods previously described (Lewgowd et al., 2011). X-ray structure determination Suitable crystals were this website mounted for measurements. The X-ray measurements were performed at 100(2) K on a KUMA CCD k-axis diffractometer with graphite-monochromated Mo Kα radiation (0.71073 Å). The crystals were positioned at 62.25 mm from the KM4CCD camera. The data were corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects, additionally absorption corrections were applied. Data reduction and analysis were carried out with the Kuma Diffraction (Wrocław, Poland) programmes (Oxford Diffraction CrysAlis CCD and CrysAlis RED, 2001). The structures were solved by direct methods (Sheldrick, 1990) and refined by using

SHELXL (Sheldrick, 1997) The refinement was based on F 2 for all reflections except for those with very negative F 2. The weighted R factor, wR, and all goodness-of-fit S values are based on F 2. The non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. The hydrogen atoms were located from a difference map and were refined isotropically. The atomic scattering factors were taken from the International Tables (Wilson, 1992). Dichloromethane dehalogenase Crystallographic data for the structures have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication no. CCDC 913714-913719. Copy of the data can be obtained on application to CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK (email: [email protected]). X-ray crystal data for 2 C37H28BrNO3, monoclinic space group P21/c: a = 15.7066(8), b = 7.9750(4), c = 23.0807(12) Å, β = 100.366(4); V = 2843.9(3) Å3, Z = 4, D calcd = 1.435 g/cm3; μ = 1.485 mm−1; F(000) = 1264. A total of 21,137 reflections were integrated in the θ-range of 2.71°–25.0° of which 5,007 were unique, leaving an overall R-merge of 0.041.