Moreover, the exacerbation of OA-induced events by rapamycin suggests that mTOR and PP2A work in concert to regulate cell survival, activated Akt and the levels of ubiquitinated proteins. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights Alvespimycin reserved.”
“The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans causes a wide variety of infections including deep systemic syndromes. The C. albicans plasma membrane is an important interface in the host-pathogen relationship. The plasma membrane proteins mediate a variety of functions, including sensing and signalling to the external environment, in which the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins play a

crucial role. A subproteomic approach to obtain a global picture of the protein composition of the C. albicans plasma membrane was developed, and different strategies were tested in order to extract the largest number of yeast plasma membrane proteins and GPI-anchored membrane proteins. These methods involved: (i) protoplast generation, (ii) mechanical disruption, (iii) ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradients, and (iv) Na(2)CO(3) treatments. To isolate GPI-anchored proteins two additional steps were performed: two-phase separation and phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase

C treatment. After LC-MS/MS analysis using both a MALDI-TOF/TOF and a linear ion trap quadrupole, a total of 214 membrane proteins were identified, including 41 already 4SC-202 described as plasma membrane proteins, 20 plasma membrane associated proteins, and 22 proteins with unknown membrane localisation. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that this set of C. albicans membrane proteins is highly enriched in proteins involved in biopolymer biosynthesis or transport processes.

Furthermore, after phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C treatment, 12 GPI-anchored membrane proteins were released and identified; most of them are associated with cell wall P-glucan synthesis and maintenance or are virulence factors, such as phospholipases or aspartyl. proteinases.”
“Difference of neural connectivity for motor function BAY 1895344 chemical structure had been studied by observation of neural activity within gray matter and nucleus using functional neuroimaging techniques. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) by a probabilistic tracking is useful for exploration of structural connectivity in the brain. We attempted to investigate difference of neural connectivity for motor function of the affected hand in chronic hemiparetic patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Forty-four patients with ICH and 31 normal control subjects were recruited. Diffusion tensor imaging was acquired using a sensitivity-encoding head coil at 1.5T. Motor function was evaluated using the motricity index (MI) for hand and Modified Brunnstrom Classification (MBC). The presence or absence of a connection was confirmed between the precentral knob of the affected hemisphere and seven areas.

Thus, two codon-optimized PfAQP genes were generated. The Opt-PfAQP for E coli still did not result in high production yields, possibly due to folding problems. However, PfAQP optimized for P. pastoris was successfully expressed in P. pastoris for production and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for functional studies. In S. cerevisiae, PfAQP mediated glycerol transport but unexpectedly water Selleck SC75741 transport could not be confirmed. Following

high-level membrane-localized expression in P. pastoris (estimated to 64 mg PfAQP per liter cell culture) PfAQP was purified to homogeneity (18 mg/L) and initial attempts at crystallization of the protein yielded several different forms. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication after liver transplantation (LT). The mechanism of post-LT AKI remains unclear. We used the rat WH-4-023 clinical trial model of syngeneic orthotopic LT (SOLT) to investigate the mechanism of post-LT AKI. We hypothesized that the condition of the graft, rather than intraoperative hemodynamic instability, has an important role in post-LT AKI in the SOLT

model. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham-operated group; vessel-clamped group; full-size LT group; and reduced-size LT group. We identified AKI in both full-size and reduced-size LT groups. In addition to renal tubular necrosis and apoptosis, renal peritubular capillary injury was also present. Pathological changes were more severe in the reduced-size than in the full-size LT group. We found that

the systemic inflammatory response induced by LT was the initiating factor in post-LT AKI. This is the first study to investigate the pathological mechanism of DAPT nmr AKI in an animal model of SOLT. Our results demonstrate that protection of the liver graft and inhibition of the systemic inflammatory response are vital in reducing the risk of post-LT AKI. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 1158-1169; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.59; published online 23 May 2011″
“It is well established that the target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase has pivotal roles in controlling cell functions (including protein synthesis, cell growth and cell proliferation) and is implicated in numerous human diseases. Mammalian TOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling is activated by hormones and growth factors, and is also stimulated by intracellular amino acids. Recent research has provided important new insight into the poorly understood mechanism by which amino acids activate mTORC1 signalling, showing that the protein kinase MAP4K3 and Rag GTPases have important roles in this. mTORC1 is known to control the G1/S transition of the cell cycle: new data show that (m)TORC1 also controls G2/M progression in yeast and mammals, albeit in contrasting ways.”
“We cloned, overexpressed and purified the Escherichia coli yeaG gene product, whose amino acid sequence displays homology to prokaryotic serine protein kinases.

“
“Chlorpyrifos (CPF) an organophosphate pesticide causes persisting behavioral dysfunction in rat models when exposure is

during early development. In earlier work zebrafish were used as a complementary model to study mechanisms of CPF-induced neurotoxicity induced during early development. We found that developmental (first five days after fertilization) chlorpyrifos exposure significantly MM-102 mouse impaired learning in zebrafish. However, this testing was time and labor intensive. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that persisting effects of developmental chlorpyrifos could be detected with a brief automated assessment of startle response and that this behavioral index could be used to help determine the neurobehavioral mechanisms for persisting CPF effects. The swimming activity of adult zebrafish was assessed by a computerized video-tracking device after a sudden tap to the test arena. Ten consecutive trials (1/min) were run to determine startle response and its habituation. Additionally, habituation recovery trials were run at 8, 32 and 128 min after the end of the initial trial set. CPF-exposed fish showed a significantly

(p < 0.025) greater overall startle response during the 10-trial session compared to controls (group sizes: Control N = 40, CPF N = 24). During the initial recovery period (8 min) CPF-exposed fish showed a significantly (p < 0.01) greater startle response compared to controls. To elucidate the contributions of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to developmental CPF-mediated effects, the effects of developmental nicotine

and 3-Methyladenine research buy pilocarpine exposure throughout the first five days after fertilization were determined. Developmental nicotine and pilocarpine exposure significantly increased startle response, though nicotine (group sizes: Control N 32, 15 mM N = 12, 25 mM N = 20) was much more potent than pilocarpine (group sizes: Control N = 20,100 mu M N = 16,100 mu M N = 12). Neither was as potent as CPF for developmental exposure increasing startle response in adulthood. Lastly. developmental CPF exposure decreased dopamine and serotonin levels and increased transmitter turnover in developing zebrafish larvae (N = 4 batches of 50 embryos/treatment). Only the decline in dopamine concentrations persisted into adulthood (group sizes: the Control N = 14, CPF N = 13). This study shows that a quick automated test of startle can detect persisting neurobehavioral impairments caused by developmental exposure to CPF This may be helpful in screening for persisting neurobehavioral defects from a variety of toxicants. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“A polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA (s-ELISA) was developed for the detection of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in cell culture lysates and blood samples of sheep infected experimentally Rabbit antiserum to purified BTV particles and guineapig antiserum to core particles were used as capture antibody and detection antibody respectively.

RESULTS: Incubation of glioma cell lines with dye-loaded NPs resulted in clearly visible, quantifiable cell tagging in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dye-loaded NPs were observed to bind to the surface and become internalized by glioma cells. Coating the NP surface with F3, a peptide that binds to the tumor cell surface receptor nucleolin, significantly increased NP affinity for glioma cells. F3 targeting also significantly increased the rate of cell tagging by dye-loaded NPs. Finally, F3-targeted NPs demonstrated specificity for targeting various cancer cell lines based on their surface expression of cell surface nucleolin.

CONCLUSION: F3-targeted

dye-loaded MK-8776 NPs efficiently cause definitive color change in glioma cells. This report represents the first use of targeted NPs to cause a visible color change in tumor cell lines. Similar nanodevices may be used in the future to enable visible intraoperative tumor delineation during tumor resection.”
“Purpose: External sphincterotomy is an accepted option for treating patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. However, long-term outcome data are limited. We ascertained the outcome of treatment results for this procedure.

Materials and Methods: A database was reviewed for patients undergoing external sphincterotomy at a large tertiary referral spinal injuries

center.

Results: For 84 primary sphincterotomies the mean duration of successful outcome was 81 months. A second procedure was required in 30 patients and mean duration of success thereafter Sonidegib cost was 80 months. Recurrent symptomatic episodes of urinary tract infection, recurrent detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia or upper tract dilatation eventually ensued in 57 of 84 patients (68%). Renal failure did not develop in any patients.

Conclusions: External

sphincterotomy protects the upper renal tracts and provides extended periods of satisfactory bladder emptying. However, it may require ongoing revision and should potentially be regarded as a staged intervention.”
“OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cause of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula, focusing on the role of angiogenic factors and local chronic OTX015 in vitro brain hypoperfusion.

METHODS: One hundred twenty rats were assigned to 4 groups: group A (n = 35), the venous hypertension group; group B (n = 35), the venous hypertension and sinus thrombosis group; group C (n = 25), the sham operation group; and group D (n = 25), the sagittal sinus thrombosis group. Mean arterial pressure, sinus pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and regional cerebral blood flow were monitored during the operation and 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks after the operation. Immunohistological and Western blot analyses of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metal loproteinase-9 were performed, and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed during the follow-up.

RESULTS: In groups A and B, a decreased cerebral perfusion pressure from 98.25 +/- 5.83 to 69.35 +/- 6.

Non-depressed pregnant women took longer to disengage attention from distressed compared with non-distressed infant faces. This bias was not, however, seen in women experiencing depressive symptoms. There was a difference of -53 (S.D.=0.7) ms (95% confidence interval -90 to -14, p=0.007) between those with and without depressive symptoms in this measure of attentional bias towards distressed infant faces.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that depressive symptoms are already associated with differential attentional processing of infant emotion at the very beginning of childbearing. The findings have potential implications for our understanding of the impact of depressive symptoms during pregnancy

on the developing Bucladesine ic50 mother-infant TPCA-1 manufacturer relationship.”
“Noroviruses are major etiological agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. In 2002, a GII.4 variant (Farmington Hills cluster) spread so rapidly in the human population that it predominated worldwide and displaced previous GII.4 strains. We developed and characterized a panel of six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the capsid protein of a Farmington Hills-like GII.4 norovirus strain that was associated with a large hospital outbreak in Maryland in 2004. The six MAbs reacted with high titers against homologous

virus-like particles (VLPs) by enzyme-linked immunoassay but did not react with denatured capsid protein in immunoblots. The expression and self-assembly of newly developed genogroup I/II chimeric VLPs showed that five MAbs bound to the GII.4 protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein, while one recognized the GII.4 shell (S) domain. Cross-competition assays and mutational analyses showed evidence for at least three distinct antigenic sites in the P domain and one in the S domain. MAbs that mapped to the P domain but not the Crenigacestat in vitro S domain were able to block the interaction of VLPs with ABH histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), suggesting that multiple antigenic sites of the P domain are involved in HBGA blocking. Further analysis showed that two MAbs mapped to regions of the capsid that had been associated

with the emergence of new GII.4 variants. Taken together, our data map antibody and HBGA carbohydrate binding to proximal regions of the norovirus capsid, showing that evolutionary pressures on the norovirus capsid protein may affect both antigenic and carbohydrate recognition phenotypes.”
“RNA interference (RNAi) has not only already risen as a gold standard for validating gene function in basic science studies, but also holds great promise as a new therapeutic paradigm. Advantages of RNAi-based therapeutics include relatively fast initial screening and the ability to target proteins not yet addressable by traditional drug design strategies. In this review we describe the development of chemically modified small inhibiting siRNAs and their application as potential therapeutics during the past decade.

This review summarizes current knowledge about the etiology, biology, clinical characteristics and differences in outcome in MLL-rearranged pediatric AML. Furthermore, we discuss the role of cooperating events in MLL-rearranged pediatric AML, and future therapeutic strategies to improve outcome. We conclude that MLL-rearranged pediatric AML is a

heterogeneous disease, and prognosis depends on various factors, for example, translocation partner, age, WBC and additional cytogenetic aberrations. The relationship of outcome with specific translocation partners requires that they be searched for in the diagnostic work-up of AML. To achieve further improvements in outcome, unraveling the biology of R788 mouse MLL-rearranged pediatric AML is warranted. Leukemia (2011) 25, 1239-1248; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.90; published online 13 May 2011″
“To date, most genetic association studies of tobacco use have been conducted in European American subjects using the phenotype of smoking quantity (cigarettes per day). However, smoking quantity is a very imprecise measure of exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. Analyses of alternate phenotypes and populations may improve our understanding of tobacco addiction genetics. Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, and measuring serum cotinine levels in

smokers provides a more objective measure of nicotine dose than smoking quantity. Previous genetic association studies of serum cotinine have focused on individual AZD5153 nmr genes. We conducted a genetic association study of the biomarker in African American (N = 365) and European American (N 315) subjects from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study using a chip containing densely-spaced tag SNPs in similar to 2100 genes. We found that rs11187065, located in the non-coding region (intron I) of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), was the most strongly associated SNP (p = 8.91 x 10(-6)) in the African American cohort, whereas rs11763963, located on chromosome 7 outside of a gene transcript, was the

most strongly associated SNP in European Americans (p = 1.53 x 10(-6)). We then evaluated how Sonidegib the top variant association in each population performed in the other group. We found that the association of rs11187065 in IDE was also associated with the phenotype in European Americans (p = 0.044). Our top SNP association in European Americans, rs11763963 was non-polymorphic in our African American sample. It has been previously shown that psychostimulant self-administration is reduced in animals with lower insulin because of interference with dopamine transmission in the brain reward centers. Our finding provides a platform for further investigation of this, or additional mechanisms, involving the relationship between insulin and self-administered nicotine dose. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 968-974; doi: 10.1038/npp. 2011.

These high-resolution structures offer the first structural insight into fish cytokines. Tetrapods possess two types of IFNs that play an immediate antiviral role: type I IFNs (e. g., alpha interferon [IFN-alpha] and beta interferon [IFN-beta]) and type III IFNs (lambda interferon [IFN-beta]), and each type is characterized by its specific receptor usage. Similarly, two groups of antiviral IFNs with distinct receptors exist in fish, including zebrafish. IFN phi 1 and IFN phi 2 represent group I and group II IFNs, respectively. Nevertheless, both structures reported here reveal a characteristic

type I IFN architecture with a straight F helix, as opposed to the remaining class II cytokines, including IFN-lambda, where helix F contains a characteristic bend. Phylogenetic trees derived from structure-guided multiple alignments confirmed that both groups of fish IFNs are evolutionarily closer Citarinostat datasheet to type I than to type III tetrapod IFNs. Thus, these fish IFNs belong to the type I IFN family. Our results also imply that a dual antiviral IFN system has arisen twice during vertebrate evolution.”
“To analyze gluten proteins involved in celiac disease (CD) by proteomic analysis, prolamins extracted from hexaploid wheat varieties were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and 2-DE. Differences between staining methods (CBB, silver nitrate, SYPRO Ruby, and CyDye) were analyzed in comparison to immunoblotting. Staining efficiency varied per protein

across methods, and complete staining of all gluten proteins could not be achieved by one of these methods. Care should be taken in the selection of staining method especially if one wants to relate VDA chemical inhibitor the results to data obtained by immunoblotting.”
“Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate are bioactive lipid mediators with potent effects on cardiovascular development and vascular function. New studies define dynamic mechanisms that maintain physiologically relevant levels of both lipids in the blood. We review the mechanisms enough controlling the production, metabolism, and distribution of these lipids between vascular cells, circulating blood components, and the plasma. (Trends Cardiovasc

Med 2009; 19:135-140) (C) 2009, Elsevier Inc.”
“The Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) is part of a co-receptor complex on neurons that transmits a signal for inhibition of neurite outgrowth. In addition, NgR1 function has also been related to other disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we studied the effect of life-long deletion of NgR1 (ngr(-/-)) in tests for cognition and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In the water maze, ngr(-/-) mice learned to locate the hidden platform as well as wild type mice, although with slower acquisition. Deletion of NgR1 did not affect amphetamine- or phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperactivity, two models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Taken together, ngr(-/-) animals show slower acquisition of a spatial learning and memory task.

This is the first study to evaluate the performance of AES VRE Agar and the first to compare two media containing synthetic chromogens for the isolation of VRE.”
“4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) show great potential for the detection of fungal conidia, also conserving the spatial architecture of their colonization. These investigations are often greatly hampered by the complicated wall structure of many fungal taxa. The aim of the present study was to develop an efficient permeabilization strategy for both DAPI staining and the FISH technique,

selleck screening library applicable to various fungal species and maintaining their relationships with surfaces.

We compared different DAPI staining permeabilization strategies based on alcohol dehydration, surfactants and osmotic shock, tested with Aspergillus niger conidia. Among four permeabilization methods leading to a strong DAPI signal, only one, based on Triton X-100, EDTA

see more and beta-mercaptoethanol followed by hyperosmotic stress, appeared suitable for FISH investigation and was successfully applied to an additional 10 fungal taxa and three environmental samples.

The effective permeabilization method, which employed a combination of surfactant and osmotic strategies, was successfully applied as preliminary step in both DAPI staining and the FISH protocol.

The method described is reproducible, simple and inexpensive and might be attractive for other direct visualization

techniques.”
“Because of the lack of a standard method, the aim of this work is to evaluate the suitability of the broth microdilution method CLSI M38-A in determining the resistance level of some Penicillium Quisinostat mw expansum isolates to thiabendazole (TBZ). The ability of the isolates to produce patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CIT) has been also assessed.

Penicillium expansum isolates (128) were assayed (apples, pears, grapes and five reference strains). It was observed that 69.4% of the strains isolated from apples and pears were resistant to TBZ. Sensitive isolates were inhibited at 0.25-0.5 mu g ml(-1) whilst resistant isolates still grew at 512 mu g ml(-1). PAT was produced by all P. expansum isolates. CIT was detected in 98.8% of TBZ-resistant isolates and in 89.1% of the TBZ-sensitive isolates.

The preliminary screening method combined with the adaptation of the method CLSI M38-A, can be a good strategy to be used in assessing the in vitro activity of TBZ against a large number of isolates.

The proposed methodology can be a contribution to the standardization of susceptibility tests to fungicides against P. expansum.”
“The aim was to characterize the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state of Vibrio cincinnatiensis and its resuscitation.

Vibrio cincinnatiensis VIB287 was cultured in sterilized seawater microcosms at 4 degrees C. Plate counts, direct viable counts and total counts were used. A large population of the V. cincinnatiensis became nonculturable after approx.

In agreement with the murine data, blockage of C3aR on human umbilical cord blood CD34(+) cells by C3aR antagonist SB290157 impairs their engraftment

Selinexor price in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. However, HSPCs from C3aR(-/-) mice stimulated by C3a still better responded to SDF-1 gradient, after exposure to C3a, they secrete less matrix metalloprotease-9 and show impaired adhesion to stroma cells. We conclude that C3a, in addition to enhancing responsiveness of HSPCs to SDF-1 gradient in a C3aR independent manner, may also directly modulate HSPC homing by augmenting C3aR-mediated secretion of matrix metalloprotease-9 and cell adhesion. Leukemia

(2009) 23, 1455-1461; doi:10.1038/leu.2009.73; published online 9 April 2009″
“Adenosine is a neuromodulator implicated in nervous system development and plasticity and its effects are mediated by inhibitory (A(1), A(3)) and excitatory (A(2a), A(2b)) receptors. The role of adenosine in the synaptic activity depends mainly on a balanced activation of Gemcitabine molecular weight A(1), and A(2). receptors which are activated by various ranges of adenosine concentrations. Herein, we investigated the expression of A, and A(2a). receptors and also the accumulation of cAMP in the superior colliculus at different stages of development. Furthermore, we examined the effects of an acute in vivo blockade of adenosine deaminase during the critical period when the elimination of misplaced axons/terminals takes place with a simultaneous fine tuning of terminal arbors into appropriate terminal zones.

Lister Hooded rats ranging from postnatal days (PND) 0-70 were used for ontogeny studies. Our results indicate that A, expression in the visual layers of the superior colliculus is higher until PND 28, while A(2a). expression increases after PND 28 in a complementary developmental pattern. Accordingly, the incubation of collicular slices with 5′-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine, a non-specific adenosine receptor agonist, showed a significant reduction in cAMP accumulation at PND 14 and an increase in Selleck Ganetespib adults. For the anatomical studies, the uncrossed retinotectal projections were traced after the intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase. One group received daily injections of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (erythro-9(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl adenine), 10 mg/kg i.p.) between PND 10 and 13, while control groups were treated with vehicle injections (NaCl 0.9%, i.p.). We found that a short-term blockade of adenosine deaminase during the second postnatal week induced an expansion of retinotectal terminal fields in the rostrocaudal axis of the tectum.

In addition, FAD did not change the response bias in favor of conspecific over heterospecific song stimuli. Our results show that E2 depletion affects the neuronal memory for vocalizations in songbird NCM, and suggest that E2 plays a necessary role in auditory processing and memory for communication signals. NeuroReport 23:922-926 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Recent studies suggest that some of cocaine’s central nervous system (CNS) effects may be mediated through its sodium channel inhibiting local anesthetic properties. Local anesthetics that lack cocaine’s strong affinity for the dopamine

transporter (DAT) also produce sensory and mood effects, further suggesting a role for this neural pathway. Due to an absence of affinity at the DAT, the local anesthetic lidocaine may offer the potential to assess sodium channel activity in vivo in humans. To assess the BIBW2992 solubility dmso utility of lidocaine as a CNS probe, we determined regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) following the intravenous administration of lidocaine (0.5 mg/kg) and compared this response to procaine selleck (0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg), a local anesthetic with partial affinity for the DAT, and saline. Infusions were administered in nine healthy female controls over a 10-day period

with at least 2 days between each scan. Increased rCBF was observed following lidocaine, relative to saline, in the insula, caudate, thalamus, and posterior cingulate. Decreased rCBF was detected in a different region of the posterior cingulate. In general, increases in rCBF were more marked following lidocaine relative to procaine. Mood and sensory changes following lidocaine were limited and significantly less than those induced by either dose of procaine. There were no significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate following either medication. These findings suggest check details that lidocaine can be safely used to assess sodium channel function in persons with

addictive and other psychiatric disorders. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Essential oil (EO) vapours have been known for their antimicrobial properties since the 4th century B.C.; however, it was not until the early 1960s that research into the potential of these volatile oils was explored. More recently, the use of EOs such as tea tree, bergamot, lavender and eucalyptus in vapour form has been shown to have antimicrobial effects against both bacteria and fungi, with range of methods being developed for dispersal and efficacy testing. To date, many applications for EO vapours as antimicrobials have been identified including in the food and clinical arenas.”
“The present study examines the influence of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) on corticospinal excitability within primary motor cortex (M1) using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.