Symphalangus syndactylus (Hylobatidae) was used as the outgroup. Data were analyzed using both character (maximum parsimony) and distance (neighbor-joining) methods. Tree topologies indicated that Colobinae and Cercopithecinae have their own distinct monophyletic clade. This result was well supported by bootstrap values and genetic distances derived from the Kimura-2-parameter algorithm. Separation of Macaca nemestrina from M. fascicularis was also well supported learn more by bootstrap values. In addition, tree topologies indicate a good resolution of the Colobinae phylogenetic

relationships at the intergeneric level, but with low bootstrap support. The position of Nasalis remained problematic in both trees. Overall, COII is a good gene candidate for portraying the phylogenetic relationships of Malaysian primates at the inter- and intra-subfamily levels.”
“Objective. Bacteremia surveillance is a mission assumed by the referent person for antimicrobial therapy. We propose an original financial valorization of this activity, using the computerized disease surveillance system (CDSS).\n\nMaterial Bromosporine Epigenetics inhibitor and methods. A database collecting community-acquired and care-associated bacteremia was created on January 1, 2009 at the Bethune Hospital, France, using EPI-Info software (EPI

Data). This database was used to complete missing data (presence of bacteremia, origin [community-acquired or care-associated], site of infection) in CDSS codes of patients hospitalized in surgical and medical wards (410 beds) during 2009. Financial benefit was assessed by the difference of funds allocated

on the basis of CDSS, before and after completion of the missing data.\n\nResults. In 2009, 383 out of the 35,000 patients presented with bacteremia. When missing CDSS codes were added, a financial gain of 229,291 euros was obtained, concerning 64 patients.\n\nConclusion. Bacteremia surveillance is a transversal task based on quality of care, which may have a positive financial impact. This study may be helpful for clinicians with transversal activities, for whom financial valorization is difficult to implement in the CDSS, particularly without hospitalization beds. The lack of complete notification in the CDSS may cause a substantial financial loss. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: There are Rabusertib order many factors that can affect the absorption process of orally administered drugs. Intestinal transporters play an important role in drug absorption. These transporters are divided into two major classes: the solute carriers and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), belonging to the ABC transporter superfamily, flushes out the substrate drugs from a cell, thus regulating the intestinal absorption of drugs. Areas covered: This review gives a brief overview of uptake and efflux transporters localized in the intestine.

Similarly. consistency in assessment and reporting of adverse events such as haematoma, insertion site infection and limb ischaemia was poor. Further

research with well-defined primary and secondary outcome measures using a stratified sampling process that accommodates for the different heparin doses commonly used in clinical practice is needed to confirm the trends seen in research results now reported in the literature. Authors’ conclusions The available evidence is of poor quality because of risk of bias and does not provide sufficient information to support the effects of adding heparin (1 to 2 IU/mL) to a maintenance solution (pressurized to deliver 3 mL of flush solution per hour) of 0.9% normal saline in maintaining the patency and functionality of arterial catheters.”
“In this study, flue gas from a power plant smokestack was applied to culture Spirulina platensis microalgae. this website Our results will not only achieve the 3-deazaneplanocin A chemical structure fixation of carbon from the emissions, products can also be produced from the algal biomass that possess physiological activities which could be beneficial to human health. An improved one-step process of chromatography was used to produce high-purity

C-phycocyanin with a PC ratios bigger than 3.5. Adding different concentrations of ammonium sulfate produced different amounts of C-phycocyanin, with 40% generating the highest yield, followed by 35% and 30% concentrations. Immunomodulating activities were evaluated in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1. We found that C-phycocyanin had the capability to induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6, and that these results were

not due to contamination with LPS. Treatment with C-phycocyanin also increased proIL-1 beta and COX-2 protein expression dose-dependently. Furthermore, C-phycocyanin rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of inflammatory-related signaling molecules, including ERK, JNK, p38 and I kappa B. In addition, although C-phycocyanin decreased production of LPS-induced ROS, it did not inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in J774A.1 cells. This is the first report to show that C-phycocyanin exhibited a detailed molecular mechanism of bioactivity by boosting immunomodulation GDC-0994 order performance. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Koch’s postulates have shaped our understanding of infectious diseases; however, one of the tangential consequences of them has been the emergence of a predominantly monomicrobial perspective concerning disease aetiology. This orthodoxy has been undermined by the growing recognition that some important infectious diseases have a polymicrobial aetiology. A significant new development in our understanding of polymicrobial infections is the recognition that they represent functional ecosystems and that to understand such systems and the outcome and impact of therapeutic interventions requires an understanding of how these communities arise and develop.

The results of Fedratinib nmr phosphorylation of three MAPKs, ERK, JNK and p38, indicated that the phospho-p38 level was reduced by AZM. I kappa B-alpha, an inhibitor of NF kappa B, was not disrupted by the antibiotics. LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from THP-1 cells was inhibited in the presence of KNK437, a potent 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP-70) inhibitor. Interestingly, the induction of HSP-70 by LPS was attenuated with the concurrent addition of AZM in the cells. AZM was found to restrain TNF-alpha production by monocytes at least in part by modifying the HSP-70 and

p38 related signaling pathways to LPS stimulation.”
“Background\n\nIntramyocardial hemorrhage frequently accompanies large reperfused myocardial infarctions. However, its influence on the makeup and the ensuing effect on the infarcted tissue during the chronic phase remain unexplored.\n\nMethods and Results\n\nPatients (n=15; 3 women), recruited after successful percutaneous coronary intervention for first segment-elevation myocardial infarction, underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging on day 3 and month 6 after percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients with hemorrhagic (Hemo+) infarctions, as determined by T2* cardiovascular see more magnetic resonance on day 3 (n=11), showed persistent T2* losses colocalized

with scar tissue on the follow-up scans, suggesting chronic iron deposition. T2* values of Hemo+ territories were significantly

higher than nonhemorrhagic (Hemo-) and remote territories (P<0.001); however, T2* values of nonhemorrhagic (Hemo-) and remote territories were not different (P=0.51). Canines (n=20) subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (n=14) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance on days Baf-A1 purchase 3 and 56 after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Similarly, sham-operated animals (Shams; n=3) were imaged using cardiovascular magnetic resonance at similar time points. Subsequently, hearts were explanted and imaged ex vivo, and samples of Hemo+, Hemo-, remote, and Sham myocardium were isolated and stained. The extent of iron deposition ([Fe]) within each sample was measured using mass spectrometry. Hemo+ infarcts showed significant T2* losses compared with the other (control) groups (P<0.001), and Perls stain confirmed localized iron deposition. Mean [Fe] of Hemo+ was nearly an order of magnitude greater than that of the control groups (P<0.001), but no significant differences were observed among the control groups. A strong linear relationship was observed between log(T2*) and -log([Fe]); R-2=0.7 and P<0.001. The monoclonal antibody Mac387 stains, along with Perls stains, showed preferential localization of newly recruited macrophages at the site of chronic iron deposition.

\n\nResults: The assays are sensitive (aldosterone

15 pg/ml, testosterone 12 pg/ml), reproducible (intra-/inter-assay imprecision aldosterone 5.1-15.6%/9.9-15.8% and testosterone 9.7-10.9%/7.7-11.4%) and correlate significantly to established assays (r = 0.94-0.95). Baseline aldosterone levels varied between strains, but not between the genders. Testosterone was significantly higher in male of all strains except in C57BL/6x NMRI mice. After ACTH injection, aldosterone (median, interquartile range) rose from 354 (261-396) pg/ml to 2008 (875-2467) in male and from 260(210-576) to 1120(734-1528) in female CD-1 mice. HCG injection in the same strain increased testosterone in male mice only (3.5 (0.4-8.3) ng/ml to 31.8(30.4-33.9) see more ng/ml, P<0.01).\n\nConclusions: We describe a MIA for the simultaneous measurement of aldosterone and testosterone in small volumes after extraction. In addition to presenting a new tool for steroid research in rodent models, our data show strain-dependent differences in steroid hormone metabolism in rodents. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All

rights reserved.”
“Background and objective The aim of the study was to examine a possible relationship between the extent of preoperative chronic pain and the development of moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain.\n\nMethods Eighty-four patients scheduled find more for radical prostatectomy were studied. Pain intensities after mobilization during the first 3 postoperative days were added to yield a total pain score (total pain score after mobilization, range 0-30). Pain was considered as moderate to severe at a total pain score after mobilization of 12 or higher. The preoperative severity of chronic pain disorders was measured using the Mainz Pain Staging System (I-III). Further possible preoperative risk factors for the development of intense postoperative pain that were examined included pain intensity, pain in the urological site, psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and health-related quality of life (Short Form-12).\n\nResults Patients with moderate-to-severe https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-03084014-pf-3084014.html preoperative chronic

pain and those with higher Mainz Pain Staging System stages were significantly (P<0.001) more likely to develop moderate-to-severe postoperative pain. Anxiety and depression scores as well as physical health (Short Form-12) were significantly associated with a total pain score after mobilization of at least 12. The development of postoperative pain was independent of the presence of preoperative pain in the urological site.\n\nConclusion This study demonstrated that higher degrees of preoperative chronic pain were associated with the development of more intense pain after radical prostatectomy. Preoperative psychological distress and reduced physical health were associated with a marked increase in postoperative pain intensity.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with features of inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial cell invasive Sotrastaurin proliferation, and ultimately, irreversible joint destruction. It has been reported that the p53 pathway is involved in RA pathogenesis. MDM4/MDMX is a major negative regulator of p53. To determine whether MDM4 contributes

to RA pathogenesis, MDM4 mRNA and protein expression were assessed in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) by real-time PCR, western blotting, and in synovial tissues by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, MDM4 was knocked down and overexpressed by lentivirus-mediated expression, and the proliferative capacity of FLS was determined learn more by MTS assay. We found that cultured FLS from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients exhibited higher

levels of MDM4 mRNA and protein expression than those from trauma controls. MDM4 protein was highly expressed in the synovial lining and sublining cells from both types of arthritis. Finally, MDM4 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of RA FLS by enhancing functional p53 levels while MDM4 overexpression promoted the growth of RA FLS by inhibiting p53 effects. Taken together, our results suggest that the abundant expression of MDM4 in FLS may contribute to the hyperplasia phenotype of RA synovial tissues. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A 40-year-old NIH male scientist camped and fished in a remote lake in IPI-145 Alaska. On his return, he developed diarrhea, cramps, and loose stools without blood or mucus in the absence of fever and was diagnosed with giardiasis. A 3-year-old female living in the

Florida Keys complained of intermittent stomachaches over a 2-month period. Her stools were variably loose. The patient was diagnosed with giardiasis, which led to examination of her mother, father, and brother, who were mildly symptomatic; all 3 were subsequently diagnosed with giardiasis. The child’s only exposure was from swimming in a local community pool. A 40-year-old male from Mexico, who resided in Virginia and worked as a cook in a fast food restaurant, was diagnosed with giardiasis. He denied any symptoms and was not allowed to prepare food. Treatment with metronidazole, nitazoxanide, and albendazole failed to eradicate the infection. He was successfully treated with the combination of paromomycin and metronidazole.”
“The use of genomic DNA rather than cDNA or mini-gene constructs in gene therapy might be advantageous as these contain intronic and long-range control elements vital for accurate expression.

3%).\n\nIn conclusion, breeding does in a colony cage, without the training to recognise their own nest, renders the animals disagreeable to social encounters, find protocol does not assure adequate welfare or a productive performance and increases the possibility of suffering from injuries caused by attacks from other does. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The present study tested the efficacy of motivational interviewing-based booster sessions for Project Toward No Drug Abuse

(TND), a 12-session school-based curriculum targeting youth at risk for drug abuse. In addition, generalization of effects to risky sexual behavior was assessed. The 1-year outcomes evaluation of the project is presented. Method: A total of 24 schools were randomized to one of three conditions: standard care Bcl-2 phosphorylation control (SCC), TND classroom program only (TND-only), and TND plus motivational interviewing booster (TND + MI). A total of 1186 participants completed baseline and 1-year follow-up surveys. Following the classroom program, youth in the TND + MI condition received up to 3 sessions of MI in person or by telephone. Effects were examined on 30-day cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use, as well as measures of risky sexual behavior (number of

sex partners, condom use, having sex while using drugs or alcohol). Results: Collapsed across the 2 program conditions, results showed significant reductions in alcohol use, hard drug use, and cigarette smoking relative to controls. These effects held for an overall substance use index. The MI booster component failed to achieve significant incremental effects above and beyond the TND classroom program. No effects were found on risky sexual behavior. Conclusions: While the program effects of previous studies were replicated, the study failed to demonstrate that an adequately implemented MI booster was of incremental value at 1-year follow-up.”
“Chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) is characterized by increased intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis associated with

elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and p53. We previously showed that p53 is increased in crypt IECs GDC-0994 order in human colitis and is needed for IEC apoptosis in chronic dextran sulfate sodium-colitis. Herein, we examined the roles of TNT and iNOS in regulating p53-induced IEC apoptosis in CUC. The IEC TUNEL staining, caspases 3, 8, and 9, and p53 protein levels, induced by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) activation of T cells, were markedly reduced in TNT receptor 1 and 2 gene knockout mice. Induction of IEC apoptosis correlated with increased p53, which was attenuated in iNOS(-/-) mice. IEC p53 levels and apoptosis were reduced in IL-10(-/-) colitic mice treated with neutralizing TNF mAb and the iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine, further suggesting that TNF and iNOS are upstream of p53 during colitis-induced IEC apoptosis.

“
“Recent studies suggest a functional role for neuronal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activity in opioid analgesia. To characterize the relevant receptors, brain areas, and circuits, detailed in vitro and in vivo studies were performed with the highly selective Quisinostat research buy mu

opioid receptor agonist DAMGO in neuronal P450-deficient mutant (Null) and control mice. Homogenates of brain regions and spinal cord showed no differences in DAMGO-induced activation of [S-35]- GTP gamma S binding between Null and control mice, indicating no genotype differences in mu opioid receptor signaling, receptor affinities or receptor densities. Intracerebroventricular (icy) DAMGO produced robust, near-maximal, analgesic responses in control mice which were attenuated by 50% in Null mice, confirming a role for mu opioid receptors in activating P450-associated responses. Intra-periaqueductal gray (PAG) and intra-rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) injections of DAMGO

revealed deficits in Null (vs. control) analgesic responses, yet no such genotype differences were observed after intrathecal DAMGO administration. Taken with earlier published findings, the present results suggest that activation of mu opioid receptors in both the PAG and in the RVM relieves pain by mechanisms which include nerve-terminal P450 enzymes within inhibitory PAG-RVM projections. Spinal opioid analgesia, Selleck AZD1208 however, does not seem to require such P450 enzyme activity. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Primary neuroendocrine (NE) tumors of the kidney (PNRTs) are rare and frequently mistaken for other renal and urothelial cancers. We evaluated morphological and molecular findings of 11 PNRTs classified according to the World Health Organization classification of lung NE tumors. Patients included 5 men and 6 women with a median age of 50 years. These tumors occurred in the left (5/11),

right (3/11), and horseshoe (1/11) Epigenetic inhibitor kidney. The histologic patterns were predominantly solid, trabecular, and pseudoglandular. Lymphovascular invasion and calcification were found in 3 and 1 cases, respectively. There were 2 atypical and 9 typical carcinoids. At the time of surgery, 2 patients with atypical carcinoids had hepatic metastasis, and 1 of the typical carcinoid patients had lymph node metastasis. All cases showed <1% proliferative rate, except 2 cases with hepatic metastasis, which showed 3% to 5% with MIB1/Ki-67 immunostaining. Immunostainings were frequently positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56, CD99, and neuron-specific enolase. Follow-up data (average 4 years) were available for 6 patients. Two patients with distant metastasis were alive with disease, and four patients with no metastasis were alive without disease. We evaluated the association of PNRT and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 3p21 and found LOH in 2 of 3 cases. However, the comparative genomic hybridization study (2/2) did not demonstrate significant chromosomal imbalances.

This phylogeny showed significant geographical structure, with host geography playing a larger role than host taxonomy in explaining louse phylogeny, particularly within clades of closely related lice. However, the louse phylogeny does reflect host phylogeny at a broad scale; for example, lice from the hawk genus Accipiter form a distinct clade.(c) 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 114, 837-847.”
“We used the opportunities afforded by the zebrafish to determine upstream pathways regulating mast cell development

in vivo and identify their cellular Poziotinib in vitro origin. Colocalization studies demonstrated zebrafish notch receptor expression in cells expressing carboxypeptidase A5 (cpa5), a zebrafish mast cell-specific marker. Inhibition of the Notch pathway resulted in decreased cpa5 expression in mindbomb mutants and wild-type embryos treated with the gamma-secretase inhibitor, Compound E. Aseries of morpholino knockdown studies specifically identified notch1b and gata2 as the critical factors regulating mast cell fate. Moreover, hsp70::GAL4;UAS::nicd1a transgenic embryos overexpressing see more an activated form of notch1, nicd1a, displayed

increased cpa5, gata2, and pu.1 expression. This increase in cpa5 expression could be reversed and reduced below baseline levels in a dose-dependent manner using Compound E. Finally, evidence that cpa5 expression colocalizes with lmo2 in the absence of hematopoietic stem cells revealed that definitive mast cells initially delineate from erythromyeloid progenitors. These studies identify a master role for Notch

signaling in vertebrate mast cell development and establish developmental origins of this lineage. Moreover, these findings postulate targeting the Notch pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mast cell diseases. (Blood. 2012;119(15):3585-3594)”
“Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine with beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and the development of atherosclerosis. Id3 is a helix-loop-helix factor that binds to E-proteins such as E47 and inhibits their binding to DNA. Although this website the helix-loop-helix factor sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c is a known activator of adiponectin transcription, this study provides the first evidence of a role for Id3 and E47 in adiponectin expression. Decreased Id3 in differentiating adipocytes correlates with increased adiponectin expression and forced expression of Id3 inhibits adiponectin expression. Moreover, Id3-null mice have increased adiponectin expression in visceral fat tissue and in serum. We demonstrate that E47 potentiates SREBP-1c-mediated adiponectin promoter activation and that Id3 can dose-dependently inhibit this action via interaction with E47. Mutation of a consensus E47 binding site results in nearly complete loss of promoter activation. Furthermore, we demonstrate E47 binding to the endogenous adiponectin promoter both in vitro and in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis.

Primary malignant MEK inhibitor melanoma of the esophagus has been the subject mostly of case reports. This tumor has a dismal prognosis with a frequency estimated to be approximately 0.1% to 0.2% of all esophageal malignancies. According to the review by Volpin

et al of November 2002, 238 cases of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus have been published up to early 2001. We present an additional case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus of the amelanotic variant in a 69-year-old man. The patient was preoperatively investigated by esophageal endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. The surgically resected tumor specimen was examined histologically and supplemented by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Intra-abdominal relapse occurred after 8 months at the site of surgery, necessitating repeat resection. The patient died of advanced intra-abdominal disease 14 months after the

primary diagnosis. A comprehensive computerized (PubMed/Medline) review of the world literature was also carried out and 99 additional cases (after the review by Volpin et al) were found, 9 of them from the 1990s which escaped previous tabulations, and 90 from the years 2000 to 2010, amounting to a grand total of 337 ever published.”
“Physical inactivity has become find more a serious public health problem as it contributes to major non-communicable diseases. Increasing activity levels has beneficial effects on musculoskeletal

health and mental health as well. In Poland there are a few studies which refer to the physical activity (PA) of the overall society and which are based on Elafibranor mw an international questionnaire, thus enabling comparative analysis. The aim of the study was to assess the PA level of the Polish society and to examine fields of their activity and intensity of them in order to compare the data with fifteen European countries. A survey based on computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) was carried out in Poland in November 2006. A random sample of Polish adults (n=1028) was selected and divided according to demographic criteria. PA was estimated by a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In the last seven days 53.4% of the Polish society reported no vigorous PA whereas in the European sample the percentage was significantly higher (57.4%). For the PA of moderate level of intensity 39.8% of the Polish respondents reported no such PA; in the European sample the percentage was 40.8%. Only 12.8% of the Polish respondents reported not having walked in the past week, whereas in the EU the percentage was 17.1%. It must be noted that in all aspects the results were varied in the studied countries. These observations indicate a need for urgent actions to promote HEPA across EU member countries and in particular the least active member states.

0 mm and 29 metastases were evaluated by tissue microarray. The sections were stained for the following proteins: p16INK4 (p16), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), retinoblastoma protein, tumor suppressor protein

p53, and p21 cell cycle regulator (p21) using a streptavidine-biotin-peroxidase technique for immunohistochemistry. Thick LY3039478 manufacturer melanomas (> 1.0 mm) and metastases lost p16 expression in 100% of the cases and in-situ and thin melanomas (9 1.0 mm) had low rate of p16 expression (7.9%). When comparing thin versus thick melanomas, thin melanomas showed higher expression of cyclin D1 and cytoplasmatic Cdk4, and thick melanomas had increased expression of nuclear Cdk4, tumor suppressor protein p53, and p21. Primary tumors, when compared with metastases, had higher cytoplasmatic Cdk4 expression. None of the studied proteins influenced overall or disease-free survival. Our results suggest that loss of p16 expression was a constant feature in primary and metastatic melanomas. Cyclin D1 expression seems to be related to initial phases of melanoma development. BTSA1 An increase in p21 expression could represent a cell cycle

control in proliferating cells with reduced p16 and/or increased nuclear Cdk4 expression. Melanoma Res 19:135-141 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“P>Alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein that aggregates and forms inclusions

that are associated with a range of diseases that include Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. The mechanism behind the formation of these inclusions and their possible role in disease remains unclear. Alpha-synuclein has also been shown to bind metals including copper and iron. We used a cell culture model of alpha-synuclein aggregation to examine the relationship between metals and formation of aggregates of the protein. While the levels of iron appear to have no role in aggregate formation or localisation of the protein in cells, copper appears to be important for both aggregation and cellular localisation of alpha-synuclein. Reduction in cellular copper resulted in a great decrease in aggregate formation both in terms threonin kina inhibitor of large aggregates visible in cells and oligomers observed in western blot analysis of cell extracts. Reduction in copper also resulted in a change in localisation of the protein which became more intensely localised to the plasma membrane in medium with low copper. These changes were reversed when copper was restored to the cells. Mutants of the copper binding domains altered the response to copper. Deletion of either the N- or C-termini resulted in a loss of aggregation while deletion of the C-termini also resulted in a loss of membrane association. Increased expression of alpha-synuclein also increased cell sensitivity to the toxicity of copper.