Demographic data, medical history of chronic

conditions, date of vaccination and type of vaccine were collected using a structured questionnaire. For the assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness, children were defined as vaccinated if they had received at least one dose more than 14 days before symptom onset. An influenza-confirmatory laboratory test was carried out in all children. The virus was detected through nasopharyngeal sample collection; stable viral transport medium was added to swabs. Specimens were collected and analysed by using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In six centres the tests were analysed in internal laboratories, whereas JAK inhibitor the others sent the specimens to certified external laboratories. The first phase of the study was performed

in the 2011–2012 influenza season and was used as a pilot study to refine the 2012–2013 investigation. In order to concentrate enrolment and laboratory tests in the epidemic period the coordinator centre gave the start-up on the basis of data on influenza epidemics in Italy provided from the National surveillance of ILI incidence [9]. The inclusion of children took place between 1 February and 31 March 2012 GDC-0199 mouse (for the 2011–2012 season), and between 14 January and 15 March 2013 (for the 2012–2013 season). The inclusion periods were the same for all centres. Data were analysed according to a test-negative case-control study design: all children with a positive confirmatory laboratory test (to one of the viruses contained in the seasonal vaccine) were included as cases, whereas controls were children with a negative test. For effectiveness evaluation, odds of influenza vaccination were compared in cases and controls. The following paediatric hospitals and departments click here were participating: Giannina Gaslini Paediatric Hospital (Genova); Regina Margherita Paediatric Hospital (Torino); Department of Paediatrics, University of Padova; Paediatric Department, Treviso Hospital (Treviso); Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital (Firenze); Department of Paediatrics,

University of Perugia; Pharmacology and Paediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience, Università Cattolica S. Cuore (Roma); Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital (Roma); Santobono-Pausilipon Paediatric Hospital-Virologic Unit Cotugno (Napoli); Giovanni Di Cristina Paediatric Hospital (Palermo); University Hospital of Messina. A common study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of each clinical centre. The study was coordinated by the National Centre of Epidemiology of the National Institute of Health in Rome. Data were analysed with SPSS (v. 21.0). T-test was used to compare means, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney non-parametric test was used to compare medians and Chi-square test was used to compare percentages. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through a logistic regression model.

G.L.R. acts as (principal) investigator for vaccine trials conducted on behalf of the Ghent University, for which the University obtains research grants

from vaccines companies. P.S. received consulting fees or honorarium for his institution, fees for participation in review activities such as data monitoring boards, statistical analysis, endpoint committees and the like. Ga. Du., K.H., J.M.F. and P.S. received support for travel to meetings for the study. Ga. Du. received reimbursement for travel expenses for business related activities (other than the study). K.H., M.L. and J.M.F. received grants for their institutions. K.H. and P.S. received financial support for board membership. G.L.R., M.L., J.M.F. and P.S. received financial support for consultancy. G.L.R. and P.S. received payment for lectures including service on speaker bureaus. D.D., F.D., BMS-354825 molecular weight IDO inhibitor Ga. Du., P.M., S.P., F.T. and S.L.G. are GlaxoSmithKline employees. D.D., Ga. Du., P.M., F.T. and S.L.G. have GlaxoSmithKline stock options. Gi. Do. declared no conflict of interest. “
“The authors regret that an error occurred in the third affiliation: the correct affiliation is now reproduced above. “
“To date, over 1626 gene therapy and vaccines has been completed phase I/II clinical trial worldwide [1] and [2]. Both viral and non-viral vectors can aid in therapeutic genes towards the targeted

cell nucleus. However, the occurrences of unfortunate adverse events have slowed the clinical trial progress and more investigation on viral vector behavior should be refined [1], [3] and [4]. Non-viral gene therapy has emerged as an alternative for viral gene therapy to introduce nucleic acid in mammalian cells for enhancement, restoration, initiation or silencing biochemical function [5], [6] and [7]. Furthermore, plasmid DNA has rapid manufacturing timeline [8]. Most plasmids used for vaccination purposes share the basic attributes of vectors developed for

optimal expression in eukaryotic cells (Fig. 1). The essential features for plasmid DNA vaccines consist of (a) an origin of replication allowing for high yields of production in bacteria; (b) an antibiotic resistance gene to confer antibiotic-selected growth during bacterial culture; (c) a strong enhancer/promoter for transgene expression in mammalian cells; and (d) a polyadenylation all termination sequence for mRNA transcript stabilization. The replication region for plasmid DNA construct is very important as it provides an appropriate framework for production and process development. Plasmid origin is a minimal cis-acting region for autonomous plasmid replication, a requisite for plasmid-host encoded protein interaction [9]. Plasmid copy number can be influenced by the efficiency of replication origin and the percentage of completed replication cycles [10]. Traditionally, engineered plasmids are void of functional replication region for mammalian cells [11].

All analyses were performed using SAS® statistical software, Version 9.1.3 or higher (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). During the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons (seasons 1 and 2), LAIV vaccination rates in those aged <24 months and those 24–59 months with asthma or immunocompromise were low relative to the general population of children 24–59 months (Table 1). However, the rate of vaccination in those with wheezing was comparable with that in the general population of children in this age group. In all cohorts and in the general population, vaccination rates with TIV were higher than with LAIV. From season 1 to season 2, the rate

of LAIV use in the general population increased 4.5-fold, whereas 3-MA mouse use in the cohorts of interest, with the exception of the immunocompromised group, increased 2.8–3.3-fold. The rate of use

of TIV in all cohorts and within the general population changed little from season 1 to season 2 (Table 1). Among children younger than 2 years, those with a claim for LAIV in season 1 numbered 138 in total, and 42 were aged <6 months; in season 2, those with a claim for LAIV numbered 537 in total, and 84 were aged <6 months. A detailed claims analysis was performed for each subject younger than 6 months, an age for which no influenza vaccine is indicated. In 116 of 126 subjects,

a claim for LAIV vaccination occurred during a visit in which 1 or more routine childhood vaccinations were given in accordance with the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library order American Academy of Pediatrics recommended vaccination schedule. No other trends were observed. Among children identified with wheezing, the frequency of SABA and ICS use were generally similar Carnitine dehydrogenase among LAIV and TIV recipients in both study seasons (Supplementary Table 1). Among children with asthma, however, there was a trend toward fewer LAIV recipients compared with TIV recipients having ICS dispensed in the past 12 months (year 1, 52% vs. 61%; year 2, 46% vs. 60%; LAIV vs. TIV, respectively). As would be expected, the proportion with ICS use was lower in children with wheezing compared with those with asthma in both study seasons. Among vaccinated children in the immunocompromised cohort, at the time of vaccination more than half were classified as immunocompromised owing to recent receipt of systemic corticosteroids (SCS). Of the 101 LAIV-vaccinated children in this cohort during the 2 seasons, 57 were included owing to a claim for SCS, 34 were included because of a claim for an immunodeficiency, 7 were included owing to a claim for another immunosuppressing medication, and 3 were included for a malignancy.

2).11 Since sufficient analytical methods have not been reported for the quantitative estimation of pyrazinamide, there is a necessity for investigation of selective and sensitive new analytical methods for quantitative estimation of pyrazinamide in human plasma. Additionally, pyrazinamide has a strong chromophore showing reddish brown color at wavelength of 268 nm. This chromophore not only allows for successful determination in human plasma by UV detection but also offers acceptable sensitivity as offered by LC-MS/MS detection. Although LC-MS/MS is a

versatile tool, the development of HPLC based separation methods makes it more economical and simpler both in terms of maintenance and data interpretation. The present article describes http://www.selleckchem.com/products/tenofovir-alafenamide-gs-7340.html a simple and sensitive RP-HPLC method with a low LLOQ for UV detection of PZA using metronidazole (Fig. 2) as an internal standard (IS) eluted under isocratic mode which can be directly applied to the successful estimation

of rifampicin in a bioequivalence study and to validate the developed method according to FDA guidelines.12 Pyrazinamide (purity 98.00% w/w) was used as received from Lupin Laboratories Ltd. Metronidazole (MTZ) (used as internal standard, purity 99.0% w/w) is purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. HPLC grade methanol and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (purified grade) were purchased from Merck Ltd (Mumbai, India). Deionized water was processed through a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. The chromatographic system SB431542 molecular weight consisted of a Shimadzu Class VP Binary pump LC 10ATvp, SIL-10ADvp Auto sampler, CTO-10Avp Column Temperature Oven, SPD-10Avp UV–Visible Detector. All the components of the system were controlled using SCL-10Avp System Controller. Data acquisition was done using LC Solutions Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II software. The detector is set at a wavelength of 268 nm. Chromatographic separations were accomplished using a Phenomenex C18, 5 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm column. The mobile phase was composed of a mixture of 15 parts of methanol and 85 parts of 10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 7.4), adjusted with potassium hydroxide. The mixture was

filtered through 0.22 μm membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) under vacuum, and then degassed by flushing with nitrogen for 5 min. The mobile phase was pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min during analysis, at ambient temperature. The rinsing solution consisted of a mixture of 50: 50% v/v of methanol: HPLC grade water. A stock solution of pyrazinamide was prepared in diluent solution (mixture of 50:50% v/v of methanol: HPLC grade water) such that the final concentration was approximately 10 mg/ml. Stock solution of metronidazole (approx 5 mg/ml) is prepared in HPLC grade methanol. The solutions were stored at 4 °C and they were stable for two weeks. Aqueous stock dilutions were prepared initially. Aqueous stock dilution, 0.

Evidence for the efficacy of physical therapy interventions are detailed and include eccentric loading, laser therapy, iontophoresis, stretching, foot orthoses, manual therapy, taping, heel lifts, and night splints. All 135 cited references are listed at the end of the document. “
“Jonathon Kruger’s

recent Editorial (Kruger 2010) is timely this website in reminding Australian physiotherapists of the major change in their status that occurred in 1976, 35 years ago. This issue, raised by the Australian delegates Pat Cosh, Rodney Farr, and Doreen Moore, was scheduled for discussion at the World confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT), Tel Aviv, 1978. It should be noted that there was considerable resistance within the world physiotherapy community and Australia was the first country to enact this change learn more in status. I am responding to the Editorial in order to acknowledge the significant contribution made by Doreen Moore, President of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy 1970–74, APA President 1977–79, who spoke to and defended Australia’s position at the Congress. She argued that Australia had already taken this step by repealing

the first ethical principle of the Australian Physiotherapy Association, and that we were determined to continue as first contact practitioners and were prepared to be expelled from WCPT if the motion failed. The eventual outcome of the meeting in Tel Aviv was the consensus statement referred to in the Editorial (Kruger 2101). This was an exciting

and challenging time for those of us working in physiotherapy education. Advances in technology, the explosion in scientific knowledge relevant to physiotherapy, together with increasing responsibilities in the below clinic and the greater sophistication of health care delivery, were demanding changes in clinical practice. The academic process in physiotherapy was changing from diploma to degree status. Master and doctoral programs were being developed. As Head of the School of Physiotherapy in Sydney, Doreen Moore provided leadership in this process. “
“With increasing recognition and diagnosis of type II diabetes in Australia, this is clearly an important topic. This online course was developed by the Australian Physiotherapy Association in conjunction with Diabetes Victoria and funded by the Australian Better Health Initiative. The aims are to: build basic knowledge about how to advise people with type II diabetes about exercise, and enable patient self management. The course is divided into 4 modules. Module 1 covers an introduction to diabetes. This includes an excellent section on pathophysiology, definitions, clear explanations of the factors causing type II diabetes, and a section on diagnosis. Module 2 outlines the management of type II diabetes including blood glucose level monitoring, treatment targets, basic nutritional information, and an explanation of the medications used to treat diabetes.

Les concentrés activés du même complexe (FEIBA) ont également été testés chez l’animal et chez

le volontaire sain avec des résultats variables [15]. Le facteur VII activé recombinant ne semble pas efficace dans ce cadre. Le GIHP a fait des propositions fin novembre 2012 pour la prise en charge des hémorragies graves et de la chirurgie urgente pour des patients bénéficiant d’un traitement par dabigatran ou rivaroxaban dans un schéma curatif (hors prévention en chirurgie orthopédique majeure) [28]. L’absence de données dans ces situations ne permet pas d’émettre des recommandations, mais seulement des suggestions pour la meilleure gestion MAPK Inhibitor Library supplier possible. Une validation de ces protocoles sera nécessaire. Il est suggéré de doser la concentration plasmatique des médicaments avec le temps de thrombine dilué (Haemoclot®) pour Trichostatin A mw le dabigatran et l’anti-Xa spécifique pour le rivaroxaban. En l’absence de disponibilité locale de ces tests, il

est proposé de définir les conduites à tenir sur la base de tests classiques (TP/TCA). Il s’agit d’une solution dégradée, les tests classiques ne permettant pas d’évaluer réellement les concentrations précises d’anticoagulant. La détermination des seuils hémostatiques est empirique. Ces propositions ne s’appliquent pas à l’apixaban. L’ensemble de la démarche est résumée dans l’encadré 1 et les Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7. Proposition du Groupe d’intérêt en hémostase péri-opératoire. Dans tous les cas : Noter : âge, poids, nom du médicament, dose, nombre de prises par jour, heure de la dernière prise, indication. Prélever : • créatininémie (calculer une clairance selon Cockcroft) ; Contacter le laboratoire d’hémostase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase pour informer du niveau d’urgence et discuter

des examens et prélèvements à effectuer. Interrompre le traitement. Une co-médication par de l’aspirine ne change rien au raisonnement, la surveillance postopératoire doit être prolongée Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV En fonction de nouvelles données cliniques, ces propositions sont susceptibles d’évoluer. Elles seront mises à jour sur le site du GIHP : http://eurekapro.fr/accueil. Seule l’approche multidisciplinaire peut permettre d’avancer dans ce domaine compliqué. Le progrès indiscutable apporté par les NACO ne doit pas être terni par une mauvaise utilisation au quotidien. Des solutions raisonnables sont proposées ici pour les procédures réglées. Pour l’urgence, les propositions sont beaucoup plus empiriques et peu validées jusqu’à présent. Elles seront révisables en fonction de l’évolution des connaissances. Du temps va être nécessaire. Un registre national (GIHP-NACO) répertorie actuellement les situations à risque et aidera à la réflexion et à la rationalisation des conduites pratiques. L’effort pédagogique est urgent et immense.

Sixty-four participants were recruited to the study.

The baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. Thirty-three participants were allocated to the experimental group and 31 to the control group. At 3 months after admission to the study, there were 24 participants in the experimental group and 26 in the control group. Figure 1 outlines the flow of participants through the trial. A qualified, registered physiotherapist and a medical doctor with three years of experience GDC-0941 mw in exercise programs, supervised all exercise sessions. In addition, the physiotherapist received further training in the specific exercise program for this study. The study was conducted at three hospitals specialising in antenatal care, which were located in

different regions of Cali, Colombia (Hospital Cañaveralejo, Centro de Salud Siloe, and Centro de Salud Melendez), with a combined throughput of 1200 pregnant women per year. Eighteen (75%) of the 24 participants in the experimental group participated in 25 or more of the 36 scheduled sessions. Group data are presented in Table 2 and individual data in Table 3 (see eAddenda for Table 3). At 3 months, the supervised aerobic exercise program improved health-related quality of life more in the experimental group than the control group in the Physical Component Summary of the questionnaire, with a between-group difference of 6 points (95% CI 2 to 11). The experimental group also improved significantly more than the control group in three of the four domains within the Physical Component Dipeptidyl peptidase Summary: Dolutegravir cost the physical function domain by 7 points (95% CI 0 to 14), the bodily pain domain by 7 points (95% CI 1 to 13) and the general health domain by 5 points (95% CI 1 to 10). The Mental Component Summary and its four domains showed no significant effect of the exercise intervention. This is the first study to assess of the effect of a supervised aerobic exercise program on health-related quality of life in nulliparous pregnant women. While the pre-intervention health status reported by the participants was similar to or better than normative data from women of reproductive age (Haas et al 1999,

Marcus et al 2003), limitations in physical and social functioning increased over the course of pregnancy. The median role physical and role emotional scores observed in our study of pregnant women were similar to other studies of patient populations with conditions such as congestive heart failure and diabetes (Smith and McFall 2005, Saavedra et al 2007). Following the 3-month exercise program, trends to improvement were seen in most domains of the health-related quality of life questionnaire, with statistically significant changes in the Physical Component Summary and several of its domains. The confidence intervals were not narrow enough to confirm that the benefits would be worth the effort of exercising for these women.

Worldwide, irrespective of mechanisms of healthcare funding, there is a desire for delivery of quality patient care at reduced cost. Although different healthcare systems and patient populations will generate differential cost savings, a general move towards day case thyroidectomy would have financial gains. Overall costs of day case compared to inpatient surgery are smaller but possibly less so for thyroid surgery, particularly if efficiencies in the delivery of postoperative care on short stay units are optimised. The cost saving of 30% in one study [18] related to charges rather than true costs, the latter being amenable to savings from appropriate staffing.

Even with costs predominantly relating to operation and recovery 5-Fluoracil manufacturer room time in the US savings of around $2500 per ambulatory case are reported [15] and [16]. In the United Kingdom, the saving of one night stay equates to around £400, around a fifth of the National Health Service’s remuneration Navitoclax in vivo for this procedure. In the US, cervical blocks combined with monitored anaesthesia care in preference to general anaesthesia has shown a reduction in postoperative operative narcotics, time in operating room and length of stay [15]. Day case thyroid surgery is feasible but the unpredictable nature of postoperative haematoma and its potential

for life threatening airway compromise tips the balance against the benefits. For some, its’ use for low risk cases is justifiable provided it is undertaken in conjunction with robust postoperative care pathways and retention of those patients where there is concern [6] and [24] but for others [5] and [9], the 23-hour model is the preferred compromise. Quality improvement by continuous outcome monitoring may help define those most at risk of bleeding and further minimise it by more widespread specialisation with improved Oxygenase outcomes from high volume surgeons [31]. the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest concerning this article. “
“Saraca asoca [Roxb.], De. Wild [Indian name; Ashoka] belongs to family Caesalpinaceae. The earliest chronicles mention this tree in the Indian ayurvedic treatise and Charaka Samhita [100 A.D.],

where the plant has been recommended to treat various gynecological disorders. In another treatise i.e. Bhavprakasha Nighantu, this plant has been referred as a uterine tonic for regularizing the menstrual disorders. Its bark has a stimulating effect on endometrium and ovarian tissues and is useful in menorrhagia during uterine fibroids. Flowers of S. asoca are used to treat cervical adenitis, biliousness, syphilis, hyperpiesia, burning sensation, hemorrhagic dysentery, piles, scabies in children and inflammation. Plant is also reported to have spasmogenic, anti-ulcer, 1 anti-oxytocic, anti-depressents, 2 anti-inflammatory, 3 anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, 4 anti-larval, anti-implantation, anti-tumor, anti-progestational, anti-estrogenic and anti-cancer 5 activities.

Carbimazole et thiamazole ont une durée d’action proche de 4 à 6 heures et une meilleure concentration intrathyroïdienne (gradient thyroïde/plasma proche de 1/100). Ceci autorise leur prescription en une prise quotidienne. De plus, les ATS s’accumulent dans la thyroïde, ce qui explique la durée prolongée de l’activité antithyroïdienne qui persiste plusieurs jours ou plusieurs semaines après l’interruption du traitement. Les dérivés du thiouracile ont une affinité de liaison plus forte pour les protéines plasmatiques et une demi-vie plus courte. Ils sont plutôt prescrits en 2 ou 3 prises quotidiennes,

au moins en début de traitement. La tolérance des ATS est bonne. Néanmoins, peuvent s’observer des épigastralgies, arthralgies, réactions fébriles (tableau II). Les signes d’intolérance ne sont pas nécessairement dépendants de la dose. Dans une série cumulative récente de 31 cohortes, ils étaient présents Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor chez 13 % des patients, plus fréquents

avec le thiamazole surtout pour les manifestations cutanées, tandis que les altérations hépatiques étaient observées principalement avec le propylthiouracile. La survenue d’une éruption érythémateuse ou urticarienne (souvent vers la deuxième semaine) n’impose GSK1120212 cost pas absolument l’interruption du traitement, car elle est parfois transitoire, résolutive sous traitement antihistaminique. Cependant, sa prolongation conduit à utiliser un autre antithyroïdien, car il n’y a pas nécessairement d’allergie croisée entre imidazolines et dérivés du thiouracile. Le risque majeur est hématologique : soit leuco-neutropénie progressive, dépistée par les hémogrammes recommandés tous les 8 à 10 jours durant les deux premiers mois du traitement, ou lors de sa reprise ; soit agranulocytose aiguë toxo-allergique, rare mais d’une extrême sévérité, reconnue à l’occasion d’un état fébrile, d’altérations des muqueuses (pharyngite). L’agranulocytose est parfois précédée par la neutropénie progressive, mais peut aussi survenir brutalement : la surveillance des hémogrammes est insuffisante Cell press pour

dépister toutes les agranulocytoses. Le risque hématologique est précoce, survenant presque toujours lors des 3 premiers mois du traitement ou de sa reprise ; il est analogue sous imidazolines et dérivés du thiouracile ; il semble dépendant de la posologie utilisée pour l’antithyroïdien. En cas de leuco-neutropénie survenant sous un antithyroïdien, il est possible d’envisager la substitution par une autre médication : imidazolines ou dérivés du thiouracile. En revanche, la survenue d’une agranulocytose condamne définitivement le recours à un ATS, quel qu’il soit. Les altérations des fonctions hépatiques sont de type plutôt rétentionnel sous imidazolines, et plutôt cytolytique sous dérivés du thiouracile.

Individual serum samples were used to determine glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, using analytical kits as recommended by the supplier (Bioclin, Brazil). Bleeding Integrase inhibitor time was measured at day seven following the fourth vaccine dose by creating a 3 mm incision at the tail tip. Blood droplets were

collected on filter paper every 30 s for the first 3 min, and every 10 s thereafter. Bleeding was considered to be finished when the collected blood spot’s diameter was less than 0.1 mm [22]. Complete blood cell counts were also taken at this time. Whole blood samples were collected in micro tubes containing 0.37 M EDTA. For hematocrit determination, micro capillaries were filled with blood samples, centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min and properly positioned in a packed

cell volume table for hematocrit scoring [52]. Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were carried out using a Neubauer chamber. Platelet numbers were determined according to the Fonio’s method and neutrophil and lymphocyte differentiation was performed visually using a phase contrast microscope [52], (Eclipse E200 model, Nikon). Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA and a subsequent Bonferroni’s Multiple selleckchem Comparison test. For survival and morbidity rates, Mantel–Cox and Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon tests were performed. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. Both NS1 and LTG33D were produced by recombinant E. coli cells and tested for antigenicity and/or biological activity. The recombinant DENV2 NS1 protein was obtained mainly as

dimers, as demonstrated after sorting in polyacrylamide gels ( Fig. 2A). As demonstrated previously [36], the recombinant NS1 preserved, at least partially, some features of the native virus protein. In addition, the recombinant NS1 retained, at least in part, the antigenicity of the native protein as demonstrated by the reactivity of the recombinant protein unless with a serum sample collected from a DENV2 infected patient ( Fig. 2B). The reactivity of the anti-NS1 serum sample was drastically reduced after heat denaturation of the recombinant protein, which indicates that conformational epitopes of the protein were lost. To demonstrate that the heat-denaturation treatment did not interfered with the binding of protein to the ELISA plates, the protein samples were reacted with a mouse serum raised in mice immunized with a heat-denatured NS1 ( Fig. 2B). In contrast to antibodies raised in the DENV2 infected subject, this serum sample did not show any reduction in the recognition of the heat-denatured NS1 in ELISA, which indicated that denaturation of the recombinant protein did not affect the binding of the protein to the plate. The purified recombinant LTG33D protein encompassed both the A and B subunits, as detected in polyacrylamide gels ( Fig. 2C).