3%) of the remaining 90 cases. There were no recurrences.

CONCLUSION: The study shows that dual-portal endoscopic release of the transverse ligament in carpal tunnel syndrome is a valuable technique that produces very good long-term results and high patient satisfaction and does not result in a significant recurrence rate.”
“The standard diagnosis of

rotavirus gastroenteritis is based on the demonstration of rotavirus antigen WZB117 concentration in stools using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In this study, a one-step quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR) was used for sensitive detection of rotavirus in diarrheal stools. The primers and TaqMan probe for the Q-PCR were selected from a highly conserved region of the non-structural protein 3 (NSP3) of rotavirus. After validation, the test was applied to study rotavirus EIA positive (N = 25) CHIR-99021 research buy and EIA negative (N = 143) stool specimens from cases of acute gastroenteritis

of all degrees of severity in a prospective follow-up cohort of infants from 2 months to 2 years of age. Q-PCR detected all 25 EIA positive rotavirus antigens and seven additional cases that were rotavirus EIA negative, i.e. 28% more rotavirus positive cases than identified by EIA. It is concluded that Q-PCR using primers targeted at NSP3 is a rapid and sensitive method for diagnosing acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize the phenotypic and functional differences of endothelial cells derived from cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM), as compared with endothelial cells derived from a normal brain.

METHODS: Isolated AVM brain endothelial cells and control brain endothelial cells were evaluated immunohistochemically for expression of the endothelial cell markers von Willebrand factor and CD31, as well as angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor A,

interleukin-8, and endothelin-1. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 were also evaluated using immunohistochemistry techniques. Functional assays evaluated cell proliferation, cytokine production, tubule formation, and cell migration find more using the modified Boyden chamber technique.

RESULTS: Endothelial cells derived from AVMs expressed high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A and significantly overexpressed the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (P < 0.05), as compared with control endothelial cells. In addition, comparison to control brain endothelial cells demonstrated that AVM brain endothelial cells proliferated faster, migrated more quickly, and produced aberrant tubule-like structures.

CONCLUSION: Endothelial cells derived from cerebral AVMs are highly activated cells overexpressing proangiogenic growth factors and exhibiting abnormal functions consistent with highly activated endothelial cells.”
“A simple, sensitive and specific method using a cDNA macroarray to detect multiple viruses was devised.

These results are discussed according to the sensory re-weighting hypothesis, whereby the CNS would dynamically and selectively GW786034 mouse adjust the relative contributions of sensory inputs (i.e. the sensory weights) to maintain upright stance depending on the sensory contexts and the neuromuscular constraints acting on the subject. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“During a 20-year longitudinal study, 5,842 participants aged 49 to 93 years significantly improved over two to four successive experiences of the Heim AH4-1 intelligence

test (first published in 1970), even with between-test intervals of 4 years and longer. After we considered significant attrition by death and dropout and the effects of SHP099 solubility dmso gender, socioeconomic advantage, and recruitment cohort, we found that participants with high

intelligence test scores showed greater improvement than did those with lower intelligence test scores. Practice gains also reduced with age, even after we took into consideration the individual differences in intelligence test scores. This emphasizes the methodological point that neglect of individual differences in improvement during longitudinal studies underestimates age-related changes in younger and more able participants and the theoretical point that, like all experiences during everyday life, participation in longitudinal studies alters the ability of aging humans to cope with cognitive

demands to different extents according to their baseline abilities.”
“The clock gene protein Per 1 (PERI) is expressed in several brain structures and oscillates associated with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Restricted feeding schedules (RFS) induce anticipatory activity and impose daily os cillations of c-Fos and clock proteins in brain structures. Daily access to a palatable treat (chocolate) also elicits anticipatory activity and induces c-Fos expression mainly in corticolimbic structures. Here the influence of daily access to food or chocolate Buspirone HCl was explored by,the analysis of the oscillatory patterns of PER1 in hypothalamic and corticolimbic structures. Wistar rats were exposed to RFS or to daily access to chocolate for 3 weeks. Persistence of food or chocolate entrained rhythms was determined 8 days after cessation of the feeding protocols. RFS and chocolate induced a phase shift in PER1 rhythmicity in corticolimbic structures with peak values at zeitgeber time 12 and a higher amplitude in the chocolate group. Both RFS and chocolate groups showed an upregulation of PER1 in the SCN. Food and chocolate entrained rhythms persisted for 8 days in behavior and in PER1 expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, accumbens, prefrontal cortex and central amygdala.

Postoperative pain rating scales (0 to 10) were used to determine efficacy.

Results: Mean followup was 20.3 months (range 1 to 102 months) and complete,

durable relief was noted in 67 (71%) testicular units, partial relief in 17 (17%), and unchanged in 11 (12%). No patients reported worse pain. Complications included testicular atrophy without hypogonadism in 2 patients, superficial wound infection in 2, hydrocele in 2 and an incisional hematoma in 1.

Conclusions: Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord is a minimally invasive, effective and durable management R428 option for treatment of chronic orchialgia refractory to medical management, preserving the physiological function and psychological role of the testes.”
“Purpose: To our AZD9291 clinical trial knowledge the most effective treatment in patients with renal stones containing calcium phosphate remains unknown. An inverse correlation exists between calcium phosphate stone composition and the stone-free rate of shock wave lithotripsy. It is unknown whether this is due to treatment type (shock wave lithotripsy) or to a feature unique to calcium phosphate stones. We determined whether calcium phosphate stone composition affects the stone-free rate of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Materials and Methods: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed

in 111 patients between 2001 and 2006 and stone fragments were analyzed for calcium phosphate composition. Patients were categorized into

groups based on calcium phosphate content. All patients underwent preoperative computerized tomography. Patients were considered stone-free after percutaneous nephrolithotomy when fragments were 2 mm or less on noncontrast computerized tomography.

Results: A total of 213 percutaneous nephrolithotomies were performed. An increased percent of calcium phosphate was related to a decreased percutaneous nephrolithotomy success rate (p = 0.005), independent of preoperative stone burden (p = 0.8). Patients with greater than 60% calcium phosphate stones were significantly Cell Penetrating Peptide less likely to. be stone-free after percutaneous nephrolithotomy than those with less calcium phosphate (60%, OR 2.45, 95% Cl 1.103-5.4401 vs 80%, OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.33-10.44).

Conclusions: High calcium phosphate renal stone content leads to a decreased stone-free rate. Further study is required to determine the mechanism of stone resilience as well as the most appropriate treatment modality in patients with high calcium phosphate composition kidney stones.”
“Purpose: We determined the differences in outcome between ureteral stenting and nonstenting following uncomplicated ureteroscopy for distal ureteral stones.

Patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with the Solitaire FR device were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively collected database. We assessed the effect of selected demographic characteristics, clinical and imaging factors on poor outcome at 3 months (modified Rankin score 3-6), mortality at 3 months, and hemorrhage at day 1 (symptomatic and asymptomatic).

From May 2010 to April 2012, 59 consecutive patients with an acute ischemic stroke underwent

mechanical thrombectomy. At 3 months, 57.6 % of the patients were functionally independent (modified Rankin Scale 0-2) and mortality was 20.4 %. Multivariate analyses revealed that a thrombus length > 14 mm (p = 0.02; OR 7.55; 95 % CI 1.35-42.31) and longer endovascular procedure duration (p = 0.01; OR 1.04; 95 % CI 1.01-1.07) were Q-VD-Oph mw independently associated with poor outcome. A higher baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) score (p = 0.04; OR 0.79 per point; 95 % CI 0.63-0.99) and successful recanalization

(p = 0.02; OR 0.07; 95 % CI 0.01-0.72) were independent predictors this website of good functional outcome. Baseline ASPECT score (p < 0.01; OR 0.65; 95 % CI 0.54-0.78) independently predicted symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage at day 1.

Absolute baseline ASPECT score reflects early symptomatic hemorrhage risk and functional outcome at 3 months. Thrombus length measured on MRI play an important role on functional outcome at 3 months after thrombectomy. Further analyses are needed to determine its importance in the selection of patients for mechanical thrombectomy.”
“Objectives: Reinterventions after

the Ross procedure are a concern for patients and treating physicians. The scope of the present report was to provide an update on the reinterventions observed in the large patient population of the German-Dutch Ross Registry.

Patients and Methods: MRIP From 1988 to 2011, 2023 patients (age, 39.05 +/- 16.5 years; male patients, 1502; adults, 1642) underwent a Ross procedure in 13 centers. The mean follow-up was 7.1 +/- 4.6 years (range, 0-22 years; 13,168 patient-years).

Results: In the adult population, 120 autograft reinterventions in 113 patients (1.03%/patient-year) and 76 homograft reinterventions in 67 patients (0.65%/patient-year) and, in the pediatric population, 14 autograft reinterventions in 13 patients (0.91%/patient-year) and 42 homograft reinterventions in 31 patients (2.72%/patient-year) were observed. Of the autograft and homograft reinterventions, 17.9% and 21.2% were performed because of endocarditis, respectively. The subcoronary technique in the adult population resulted in significantly superior autograft durability (freedom from autograft reintervention: 97% at 10 years and 91% at 12 years; P < .001). The root replacement technique without root reinforcement (hazard ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.1) and the presence of pure aortic insufficiency preoperatively (hazard ratio, 2.

Parkinson’s disease and stroke had negative impacts on mobility and ADLs, respectively, among survivors at 6 months.

Conclusions. The finding of higher mortality and worse mobility for nonwhite patients with hip fractures highlights the need for more research on race/ethnicity disparities in hip fracture care.”
“Background. Anemia is associated with increased mortality risk. The impact of mildly low hemoglobin concentration

(Hb) on risk for mortality remains unclear, especially among blacks. We examined find more the racial differences between Hb and mortality.

Methods. This was a population-based study conducted from 1993 through 2006, in a geographically defined community of Chicago, Illinois. A stratified, random sample of 1806 participants 65 years old or older and 50% black, who were participating in the Chicago Health Aging Project and underwent clinical evaluation. Mortality was

ascertained using the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the independent relation of Hb to mortality risk.

Results. The proportion of participants with anemia by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (Hb < 13.0 g/dL for men and < 12.0 g/dL for women) was 39% among blacks, and 17% among whites. Blacks had lower mean Hb (12.6 +/- 1.5 g/dL) than did whites (13.5 +/- 1.5 g/dL). In multivariable analysis, anemia was associated with increased mortality risk in blacks (hazard ratio [HR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], ICG-001 cost 1.43-2.53) and in whites (HR, 1.85: 95% CI, 1.32-2.59). Among blacks, Hb 0-0.9 g/dL below the anemia threshold is associated with increased mortality risk compared to Hb 0-0.9 g/dL above the anemia cutoff (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.21-2.79), Hb 1.1-2.0 g/dL above the anemia cutoff (HR, 1.35: 95% CI, 0.88-2.05) and Hb 2.1-3.0 MYO10 g/dL above the anemia cutoff (HR, 2.24: 95% CI, 1.12-4.47).

The terms for interaction between black ethnicity/race and anemia suggested that blacks did not have a statistically significant difference in mortality risk compared to whites. Subgroup analyses of interaction terms suggested that Hb 0.1-1.0 g/dL above anemia cutoff group, blacks may have lower mortality risk compared to whites in the mildly low normal ranges of Hb (p = .02).

Conclusion. Both anemia by WHO criteria and mild reductions in Hb were related to increased risk of mortality in older blacks and whites.”
“SCOLIOSIS IS A three-dimensional spinal deformity for which surgery may be indicated when patients experience severe pain, curve progression, or progressive disability. Operative treatment has conventionally involved extensive posterior stabilization, either alone or in combination with anterior release procedures. Anterior-only approaches have a more limited role, but they should be considered in the appropriate setting when addressing this disease.

“
“Evidence for an essential role of the herpes Selleck Selonsertib simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) tegument protein VP1-2 originated from the analysis of the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant tsB7. At the nonpermissive temperature (NPT), tsB7 capsids accumulate at

the nuclear pore, with defective genome release and substantially reduced virus gene expression. We compared the UL36 gene of tsB7 with that of the parental strain HFEM or strain 17 and identified four amino acid substitutions, 1061D -> G, 1453Y -> H, 2273Y -> H, and 2558T -> I. We transferred the UL36 gene from tsB7, HFEM, or strain 17 into a KOS background. While KOS recombinants containing the HFEM find more or strain 17 UL36 gene exhibited no ts defect, recombinants containing the tsB7 UL36 VP1-2 exhibited a 5-log deficiency at the NPT. Incubation at the NPT resulted in little or no virus gene expression, though limited expression could be detected in a highly delayed fashion. Using shift-down

regimes, gene expression recovered and recapitulated the time course normally observed, indicating that the initial block was in a reversible pathway. Using temperature shift-up regimes, a second defect later in the replication cycle was also observed in the KOS.ts viruses. We constructed a further series of recombinants which contained subsets of the four substitutions. A virus containing the wild-type (wt) residue at position 1453 and with the other three residues being from tsB7 VP1-2 exhibited wt plaquing efficiency. Conversely, a virus containing the three wt residues but the single Y -> H change at position 1453 from tsB7 exhibited a 4- to 5-log drop in plaquing efficiency and was defective at both early and late stages of infection.”
“Orf virus (ORFV), the type member of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae, has evolved novel strategies (proteins and/or mechanisms of action) to modulate host cell responses regulated by the

Anidulafungin (LY303366) nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway. Here, we present data indicating that ORFV ORFV121, a gene unique to parapoxviruses, encodes a novel viral NF-kappa B inhibitor that binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B-p65. The infection of cells with an ORFV121 deletion mutant virus (OV-IA82 Delta 121) resulted in increased NF-kappa B-mediated gene transcription, and the expression of ORFV121 in cell cultures significantly suppressed NF-kappa B-regulated reporter gene expression. ORFV ORFV121 physically interacts with NF-kappa B-p65 in the cell cytoplasm, thus providing a mechanism for the inhibition of NF-kappa B-p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation.

Thirty patients underwent this technique. Twelve patients

were operated on for aortic dissection and the remainder for aneurysms.

Results: With experience, minimum pump temperature rose from 16 degrees C to 34 degrees C. There was 1 (3.3%) death, and 2 (6.7%) patients had neurological dysfunction. Extubation was achieved within 24 hours in 12 (40%) patients, whereas 14 (47%) left the intensive care unit within 2 days. Ten (33%) patients were discharged from the hospital within 7 days. Eight (27%) patients required no transfusion of blood or blood products.

Conclusions: This technique brings us closer to the goal of arch surgery without cerebral or visceral circulatory Selleck AZD1208 arrest and the morbidity of deep hypothermia. Early results are encouraging. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142: 809-15)”
“Improved understanding of the bacterial phylogenetic

tree has allowed the distinction of at least 25 phyla with cultured representatives. This review surveys the diversity of cell envelope types present in these phyla and emphasises that it is important to define bacterial cell envelopes according to whether they have one (monoderm) or two (diderm) cellular membranes and, in the latter case, lipopolysaccharide as well. A comparative genomics approach, facilitated by the recent vast expansion in genome sequence information, is used here to survey the distribution of key lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes across the bacterial PAK inhibitor world and to consider alternative find more diderm cell envelope architectures. These data add to our understanding of microbial diversity and it is notable that the majority of phyla are likely to comprise diderm, lipopolysaccharide

containing bacteria. This analysis and a critical review of the literature also suggest that members of the phylum Chloroflexi are typically monoderm.”
“Previous quantitative reviews of research on psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons have yielded divergent findings and have not included many of the available controlled outcome studies. This meta-analysis summarizes results from 61 controlled studies to offer a more comprehensive integration of this literature. This review examined (a) the absolute effectiveness of bereavement interventions immediately following intervention and at follow-up assessments, (b) several of the clinically and theoretically relevant moderators of outcome, and (c) change over time among recipients of the interventions and individuals in no-intervention control groups. Overall, analyses showed that interventions had a small effect at posttreatment but no statistically significant benefit at follow-up. However, interventions that exclusively targeted grievers displaying marked difficulties adapting to loss had outcomes that compare favorably with psychotherapies for other difficulties.

We also discuss recent therapeutic strategies that aim to improve immune-cell recognition of tumors and induce tolerance to autoreactive immune responses in normal tissues by manipulating B7 functions.”
“Background. Measurement invariance of Diagnostic Lonafarnib in vitro and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criterion symptoms was tested by gender and trauma type, assaultive and non-assaultive.

Method. Analysis

was conducted using latent class analysis (LCA), based on findings that the three-class LCA model from Breslau et al. (Archives of General psychiatry 2005, 62, 1343-1351) fits the data across the four groups best. The classes represent three levels of PTSD-related disturbance: no disturbance, intermediate disturbance and pervasive disturbance, with the last one approximating the DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis.

Results. Analysis of measurement invariance showed that with respect to gender, there was no evidence of differential symptom reporting within the same disturbance class.

DSM-IV symptom indicators represent the latent structure of PTSD equally in males and females. We found that more female than male victims of assaultive violence experienced pervasive disturbance. In the selleckchem absence of measurement variability associated with gender, the finding is likely to reflect a gender difference in susceptibility. The analysis of measurement invariance detected evidence of variability associated with trauma

type. Victims of assaultive violence in the pervasive disturbance class report more severe distress (especially emotional numbing) than do victims of non-assaultive violence in the same class.

Conclusions. The finding of measurement bias associated with type of trauma raises questions about the applicability of a single definition for PTSD associated with assaultive violence and PTSD associated with traumatic events of lesser magnitude.”
“Before the advent of neurosurgery as a discipline, various historic surgeons performed procedures on the skull and brain. One early pioneer of surgery, Peter Lowe (c. 1550-1612), not only wrote of methods of cranial surgery PJ34 HCl in his Chirurgerie, which was the first comprehensive text of surgery written in English, but also founded what would become the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. Included in the powers given to him by King James VI was the authority to regulate the practices of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy in the west of Scotland. This 16th century Scottish surgeon trained in Paris, where he was influenced by Ambroise Pare and wrote about the “”Spanish sickness.”" In his surgical text, Lowe wrote about his methods of multiple neurosurgical procedures. The present study discusses the life of Maister Peter Lowe and reviews his contributions to what became the art of neurosurgery.

0 ng/ml as the cutoff (p = 0.00 and 0.01, respectively). Moreover, the assay together with the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial risk calculator or a standard nomogram significantly improved AUC in the whole urine cohort and the combined population vs predictive algorithms alone (p <0.05). Assay positive predictive value was 54% in whole urine cohort check details with prostate specific antigen 2.0 to 4.0 ng/ml and negative predictive value was 87% with prostate specific antigen 4.1 to 10.0 ng/ml. Assay positive predictive value was higher in subjects with all 3 methylation markers positive.

Conclusions: These data demonstrate that this investigational assay used in conjunction

with current screening algorithms may potentially add value to the biopsy decision making process.”
“Bone marrow stromal stem cells (MSCs), which normally differentiate into mesenchymal derivatives, have recently reported to trans-differentiate into neurons. However, the findings from different groups and interpretations have been challenged.

The purpose of this paper is to re-evaluate the phenomenon of neuronal trans-differentiation

Selleck Sonidegib of MSCs and compare the expression levels of neurotrophins in rMSCs and neuronal-like phenotypes derived from rMSCs. We put rMSCs in 2-mercaptoethanol and 2% dimethylsulfoxide for 5 h. Then, the cells were transferred to neuronal induction media composed of DMEM + 10%FBS, 10 ug/L basic fibroblast growth factor, 10 ug/L human epidermal growth factor, I mmol dibutyryl cyclicn AMP and 0.5 mmol isobutylmethylxanthine for 7 days and 14 days. The study demonstrated that the level of BDNF, NGF, NT3, CNTF and GDNF of rMSCs is remarkably higher in rMSCs

than the neuronal-like phenotypes, especially CNTF. The expression level of these neurotrophins did not change significantly after enduring induction. We believed that rMSCs can trans-differentiate into neuronal-like phenotype under certain conditions. The non-induced rMSCs has a dynamic expression profile of neurotrophins and may serves as a better tool than the trans-differentiated rMSCs for transplant therapy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Ureteral stents commonly become infected or encrusted. Various coatings have been developed to decrease bacterial adherence. To our knowledge there has been no in vitro testing of coating with heparin Methocarbamol to date. We determined the effects of heparin coating on bacterial adherence of common uropathogens and physical stent properties.

Materials and Methods: Heparin coated Radiance ureteral stents (Cook) and noncoated Endo-Sof (TM) control stents were tested against triclosan eluting Triumph (R) stents and noneluting Polaris (TM) control stents for adherence of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 7 days. Adherent bacteria were determined and biofilms were visualized using fluorescent dyes.

Twenty-four students were administered 24 IU of OT or placebo intranasally in a robust, double-blind within-subject design. 45 min later participants were shown a point-light display of continuous biological motion of a human figure’s walk. In the 8-10 Hz (low alpha/mu band) and in the 15-25 Hz beta band, a significant main effect of treatment showed that suppression was significantly enhanced in the OT versus the placebo conditions and that this suppression was widespread across the scalp. These results are a first step linking

OT to the modulation of EEG rhythms in humans, suggesting that OT may have a role in allocating cortical resources to social tasks partly mediated by mirror neuron activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Hemimegalencephaly S3I-201 (HMG) is a developmental brain disorder characterized by an enlarged unilateral hemisphere with cortical

malformation comprising abnormal hypertrophic cells. To selleck inhibitor address the proliferative status of HMG, Ki-67 immunoreactivity was investigated in HMG specimens obtained during epilepsy surgery. Nine HMG tissues were stained with a Ki-67 antibody and Ki-67 labeling index in the malformed cortex, and the underlying white matter was measured separately and compared with tissues from focal cortical dysplasias and normal brains from autopsy. In HMG tissues, Ki-67-positive cells were scattered in both the gray and white matter, with a significantly higher Ki-67 labeling index in the white matter compared with gray matter. No dysmorphic neuron or balloon cell was stained for Ki-67. As Ki-67 immunoreactivity overlapped with that of ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1, Ki-67-positive

cells were identified as microglia. In HMG, microglia were activated and entered into a proliferative status with higher distribution in the white matter, implying an ongoing neuroinflammatory process involving the white matter. (C) 2013 Pomalidomide concentration Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Koi herpesvirus (KHV) (species Cyprinid herpesvirus 3) ORF134 was shown to transcribe a spliced transcript encoding a 179-amino-acid (aa) interleukin-10 (IL-10) homolog (khvIL-10) in koi fin (KF-1) cells. Pairwise sequence alignment indicated that the expressed product shares 25% identity with carp IL-10, 22 to 24% identity with mammalian (including primate) IL-10s, and 19.1% identity with European eel herpesvirus IL-10 (ahvIL-10). In phylogenetic analyses, khvIL-10 fell in a divergent position from all host IL-10 sequences, indicating extensive structural divergence following capture from the host. In KHV-infected fish, khvIL-10 transcripts were observed to be highly expressed during the acute and reactivation phases but to be expressed at very low levels during low-temperature-induced persistence.