These changes, in turn, set the stage for the development of movement disorders seen in CRPS. There are no randomized control studies on the treatment of movement disorders in CRPS but findings from fundamental and clinical research suggest that strategies that enhance the

central inhibitory state may benefit these patients.”
“A 59-year-old Selleck Napabucasin Japanese diabetic woman was admitted to a small private hospital with general malaise, fever, and a 1-month history of low back pain. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed left abdominal necrotizing fasciitis with suspected left psoas muscle abscess. She was transferred to Gunma University Hospital, received antibiotic therapy, and underwent debridement of the infected subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and necrotic left psoas ALK inhibitor muscle. She was transferred to the intensive care unit to receive mechanical ventilation and inotropic support. Blood culture showed growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae, from which hypermucoviscosity was detected by the string test. She was extubated on day 5 of hospitalization and transferred to a general ward on day 14. Free skin grafting was performed on day 76, and she was discharged on day 134 without any complications.”
“Objective: To measure free phenytoin (FP) concentrations in filtered specimens using the

Abbott ARCHITECT iPhenytoin assay and to compare results from this method with results from the Abbott TDx/FLx assays.

Methods: We verified accuracy, analytic measurement range, and precision for FP measurements. For correlation and therapeutic interval studies, we used filtered calibrators, controls, proficiencytesting materials, and surplus clinical samples. After implementation, we determined

proficiency testing results.

Results: The analytic measurement range was 2.0 to 25.0 mu mol/L. Quality control materials (6.1, 12.6, and 20.1 mu mol/L) provided Mean (SD) recoveries of 961 (5.0%), 99.2 (5.0%), and 99.3 (5.7%), respectively, and coefficients of variation of 5.2%, 5.0%, and 5.8%, respectively. Clinical click here specimens produced mean (SD) FP recovery levels of 103.7 (10.6%) (bias, 0.1 [0.3] mu mol/L). Altering the FP therapeutic range (4.0-8.0 mu mol/L) was unnecessary. Proficiency testing yielded consistently acceptable results.

Conclusion: Our accuracy, precision, and correlation results were similar for the TDx/FLx and ARCHITECT assays, which demonstrates that the ARCHITECT iPhenytoin assay is acceptable-for clinical FP measurements.”
“Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can have dramatic effects on painful, vascular, and motor symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), but its precise mechanism of action is unclear. Better understanding of the physiologic effects of SCS may improve understanding not only of this treatment modality but also of CRPS pathophysiology.

Patient demographics, the performed procedure, adverse drug reactions, hemodynamic data and the results of blood gas analysis were documented with a focus on changes in acid-base, electrolyte and hemoglobin concentrations.

Results: Of 396 enrolled patients (ASA I-III; age 2.3 +/- 3, range SNX-5422 datasheet day of birth – 12 years; body weight 10.8 +/- 9, range 0.9-52 kg),

249 received ns-HES and 147 bal-HES (mean volume infused 9.9 +/- 4 and 9.4 +/- 6.9 ml.kg(-1), respectively). After HES infusion, hemoglobin decreased in both groups, whereas bicarbonate and base excess (BE) decreased only with ns-HES and remained stable with bal-HES (BE before infusion: ns-HES -1.8 +/- 2.8, bal-HES -1.7 +/- 2.7 mmol.l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES -2.6 +/- 2.4; bal-HES -1.6 +/- 2.6 mmol-l(-1), P < 0.05). Chloride (CI) concentrations increased in both groups and were significantly higher with ns-HES (CI before infusion: ns-HES 105.6 +/- 3.7, bal-HES 105.1 +/- 2.8 mmol.l(-1); after infusion: ns-HES 107.7 +/- 3.2, bal-HES 106.3 +/- 2.9 mmol-l(-1), P < 0.01). No serious adverse drug reactions were observed.

Conclusion: Infusion related iatrogenic acid-base and electrolyte alterations can be minimized by using hydroxyethyl starch in a balanced electrolyte solution instead of normal

saline.”
“Human cadaveric study measuring the morphology PARP phosphorylation of C2 vertebra, description of anterior placement of pedicle screw with post-fixation computed tomography (CT) analysis.

To assess the potential feasibility LY2835219 purchase and safety anterior placement of C2 pedicle screws.

Posterior pedicle screw fixation has become an established technique for upper cervical reconstruction. To our knowledge few reports in the previous literature have described the placement of or anatomy related to anteriorly approach C2 pedicle screws.

The morphology of 60 human C2 vertebrae was measured directly to assess the size, position, and relative approach angle of the pedicles from an anterior perspective. In an additional 20 cadaveric cervical spines, bilateral 3.5

mm titanium C2 pedicle screws were placed and analyzed for pedicle morphology and placement accuracy with thin cut, 1 mm axial CT.

The mean C2 pedicle width measured directly and by CT scan was 7.8 and 6.6 mm, and the average length of the right and left pedicle was 26.4 and 25 mm, respectively. The mean transverse angle (alpha) was 17.6A degrees and 21.4A degrees, whereas declination angle (beta) anterior to posterior was 13.8A degrees and 10.6A degrees, respectively.

Quantitative data regarding C2 pedicle shape and location with respect to the anterior placement of pedicle screws have not been previously reported. This study indicates that anterior placement of 3.5 mm C2 pedicle screws through a transoral approach may be both feasible and safe and also provides an important anatomic analysis that may guide clinical application.

Using a fresh synthesis

approach using alkali ions we demonstrate that alkali doped zinc oxide can provide high temperature magnetic semiconductors. We report studies on nanocrystalline powder and pellets of p-type ZnO:Li and ZnO:Na that exhibit ferromagnetism up to 554 K. The ferromagnetic behavior was confirmed from magnetic hysteresis, ferromagnetic resonance, magnetic force microscopy, and explained by a model where substitutional Li(+)/Na(+) in cation site induce local magnetic moments on oxygen atoms. Optimum dopant concentrations enable ferromagnetic exchange interaction leading to high Curie temperature.”
“Plasma membrane-associated proteases (pm-proteases) exist principally in roots of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, whereas in plasma membrane (pm) vesicles prepared from leaves, protease activity was at the detection limit. Biochemical AZD7762 in vivo characterisation revealed a high https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html diversity of particular hydrophobic pm-proteases indicating multiple functions in

root tissue. One proportion of chromatographically separated proteases was split up by non-reducing SDS-PAGE in 8-12 single polypeptides, dependent on plant nitrogen nutrition. The active polypeptides could be grouped in those that were (i) inhibited, (ii) stimulated and (iii) independent of bivalent cations. Although, the total specific protease activity of various pm vesicles was almost identical, the composition and activity of individual polypeptides was dependent on nitrogen supply of the plants. Particularly, nitrogen deficiency stimulated the activity of high molecular mass proteases (125 kDa-97 kDa), whereas sufficient nitrate supply enhanced proteolytic activity of 90 kDa, 83 kDa and 65 kDa polypeptides. Endogenous proteolysis within pm vesicles suggested that at least partly protease substrates are localised within the same membrane. A comparison of polypeptides originated from proteolysis of pm vesicles and those exudated by roots into the external medium points to a role of root pm-proteases in the specific release of polypeptides into the

rhizosphere. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether sense of coherence (SOC) at baseline predicts health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at 12-28-month follow-up among patients with coronary heart disease when controlled for sociodemographic and medical variables.

Methods MRT67307 manufacturer A total of 179 consecutive patients (58.28 +/- 6.52 years, 16.8% women) scheduled for coronary angiography (CAG) were interviewed before CAG and 12-28 months after. SOC was measured with the 13-item Orientation to Life Questionnaire. HRQoL was measured using the Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), from which the mental and physical component summaries (MCS, PCS) were calculated. The relationship between SOC and HRQoL was examined using regression analyses.

Results SOC proved to be a significant predictor of the MCS-score (B = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.17-0.

Overall, 41 cirrhotics

and Stem Cell Compound Library cell assay 190 noncirrhotics entered the study. Groups were similar in age, gender, HCV genotypes and baseline serum HCV-RNA. SVR occurred at similar rates in cirrhotic and noncirrhotics, either considered by intention-to-treat (39% vs 45%; P = 0.4) or as treated (50% vs 52%, P = 0.8). In multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 95% CI, P), SVR was associated with HCV genotypes 2-3 (5, 2.9-11, < 0.01) and lower serum HCV-RNA (2, 1.4-3.03 for every log decrease, < 0.01) but not with cirrhosis (1.2, 0.4-3.6, 0.6). Treatment discontinuations because of adverse events tended to be more common in cirrhotics than in noncirrhotics (17% vs 12%; P = 0.2), but only severe thrombocytopenia was more frequent in cirrhotics than in non-cirrhotics (20% vs 3% at week 24; P < 0.01). Response to peginterferon-ribavirin therapy is similar in HIV-HCV

coinfected patients with and without liver cirrhosis. Therefore, treatment must be encouraged in all compensated cirrhotic patients, although closer monitoring and management of side effects, mainly thrombocytopenia, may be warranted.”
“Photoacoustic (PA) signals carry much information related to the physical parameters of a sample, such as its optical, thermal, acoustic, and elastic properties. These physical parameters synchronously make their own contributions to PA signals. It is difficult to distinguish the contributions of different physical parameters to the mixed PA signals. To separate these parameters and to extract the featured information, we report herein a means of dissecting the transient

PA signal using time-frequency analysis in Cl-amidine cost a forward detection model. The simulated and R406 ic50 experimental results indicate that the features of different physical parameters related to the sample can be qualitatively extracted from the mixed PA signals. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3554832]“
“PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy of a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser photolysis system in removing lens epithelial cells (LECs) and characterize the effect of the laser on laminin and fibronectin involved in LEC adhesion and migration.

METHODS: Cadaver eyes were evaluated using the Miyake technique. The lenses were removed with phacoemulsification. The modified Nd:YAG laser was used to clean the LECs from the capsule. Only the fornix was cleaned in some eyes and the anterior subcapsular area in other eyes. Some areas were not treated and acted as controls. Standard irrigation/aspiration (I/A) removal of LECs was performed in additional eyes. The eyes were analyzed using light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS: Histopathologic evaluation showed that the laser removed the LECs from the anterior lens capsule and from the fornix. Immunohistochemical staining showed fibronectin and laminin staining in the untreated areas that was absent in the treated areas.

“
“Purpose of review

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are among the most frequent organ malformations. They are a relevant cause of chronic renal failure in children. Apart from isolated forms of CAKUT, more than 500 syndromes have been described that are characterized by combined defects of the kidney and other organ systems. Familial aggregation of renal malformations in approximately 10% of patients suggests that genetic events might be involved. Modifying effects due to missense mutations in additional developmental genes seem to enhance the phenotypic variability in affected families.

In these families, genetic counseling can be difficult. In contrast, Histone Methyltransf inhibitor in patients with defined autosomal dominant disease, genetic counseling is of high clinical relevance, also with respect to Cyclopamine mouse additional extrarenal symptoms.

Recent findings

Due to the development of numerous genetic knock-out

mouse models, the identification of specific renal developmental genes and the application of novel sequencing techniques of the human genome, our understanding of kidney organogenesis has largely improved during very recent years.

Summary

This review will focus on important genetic factors that influence nephrogenesis and highlight important human disorders that are associated with anomalies of kidneys, proximal and distal urinary tract.”
“The development and use of antiangiogenesis agents, particularly those targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has become an integral component of anticancer regimens for many tumor types. This review is intended to highlight some of the most important clinical successes PFTα supplier and failures of anti-VEGF therapies, and where possible, to suggest important lessons that have been learned. This review emphasizes data from agents that have been FDA approved and/or have completed phase III studies.”
“Objectives: Management of proximal common

carotid artery (pCCA) lesions is infrequently reported. We described open and endovascular treatment with regard to the neurological outcome and patency in patients suffering from atherosclerotic pCCA lesions.

Methods: Data were collected prospectively and analysed in a retrospective manner.

Results: From November 1991 to January 2010, 52 procedures, 24 surgical (11 bypasses, 12 transpositions and retrograde endarterectomy) and 28 endovascular (13 open transcervical and 15 transfemoral stent implantations) were performed (40.4% female, mean age 62.3 years, 65.4% left-sided). A total of 25 lesions (48.1%) were symptomatic (13 stenoses and 12 occlusions); 27 (51.9%) lesions were asymptomatic (22 stenoses and five occlusions). Two bypasses occluded within 30 days. Two early ipsilateral strokes were observed (3.8%).

(c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3600203]“
“The receptors for the immunosuppression drugs FK506 and rapamycin are called FKBPs (FK506-binding proteins). FKBPs comprise a large GDC-0973 concentration family; they are found in many species, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. As a class of peptidyl-prolyl cistrans

isomerase enzymes, the FKBP genes have been the focus of recent studies on plant stress tolerance and immunology. We identified and analyzed gene families encoding these proteins in maize using computational and molecular biology approaches. Thirty genes were found to encode putative FKBPs according to their FK506-binding domain. The FKBP genes can be classified into single domain and multiple domain members based on the number BAY 57-1293 of the domains. By analysis of the physical locations, the 30 FKBP genes were found to be widely distributed on 10 chromosomes.

After analysis of the FKBP phylogenetic tree in the maize genome, we found that the 30 genes revealed two major clades. Gene duplication played a major role in the evolution of FKBP genes, which suggests that the FKBP genes in maize have a pattern significantly different from that of these genes in rice. Based on semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we found that the 30 FKBPs were expressed differently in various tissues in maize, which suggests that FKBP genes play different roles in each tissue. Several FKBPs were expressed at higher levels in roots, indicating that these genes in maize may have similar or overlapping functions.”
“Protein-protein

CA3 inhibitor interactions are often mediated by flexible loops that experience conformational dynamics on the microsecond to millisecond time scales. NMR relaxation studies can map these dynamics. However, defining the network of inter-converting conformers that underlie the relaxation data remains generally challenging. Here, we combine NMR relaxation experiments with simulation to visualize networks of inter-converting conformers. We demonstrate our approach with the apo Pin1-WW domain, for which NMR has revealed conformational dynamics of a flexible loop in the millisecond range. We sample and cluster the free energy landscape using Markov State Models (MSM) with major and minor exchange states with high correlation with the NMR relaxation data and low NOE violations. These MSM are hierarchical ensembles of slowly interconverting, metastable macrostates and rapidly interconverting microstates. We found a low population state that consists primarily of holo-like conformations and is a “”hub” visited by most pathways between macrostates. These results suggest that conformational equilibria between holo-like and alternative conformers pre-exist in the intrinsic dynamics of apo Pin1-WW. Analysis using MutInf, a mutual information method for quantifying correlated motions, reveals that WW dynamics not only play a role in substrate recognition, but also may help couple the substrate binding site on the WW domain to the one on the catalytic domain.

The external quantum efficiency of a wavelength converter with emitting surfaces having such extraction features showed a twofold increase compared to a wavelength converter without extraction https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tariquidar.html features. While demonstrated here using semiconductor wavelength converters, this approach could also be applied to light extraction in conventional LED structures. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3524024]“
“Polyethylene glycol nanofluids containing carbon coated Cu (Al, Fe) nanoparticles with core-shell structure are prepared in this paper. High efficiency on heat transfer is achieved by collaborative effect between nanocarbon and metal nanoparticles. The results show that the thermal

conductivity of nanofluid is relevant to the type of filler and increases with the increasing of filler loading. An 27%

enhancement in thermal conductivity is observed by adding only 0.5 wt % of carbon coated Cu nanoparticles Dibutyryl-cAMP cost in polyethylene glycol, and 49%, 40%, and 30% enhancement in thermal conductivity for carbon coated Cu, Al, and Fe nanoparticles loading of 1.5 wt %, respectively. The carbon coated metal nanofluid exhibit better stability after 14 days and no obvious sedimentation is observed. Compared with carbon coated Al and Fe nanoparticles, carbon coated Cu nanoparticles nanofluids have the best stability and dispersibility and can efficiently enhance the thermal conductivity of base fluid. Moreover, nanofluids stabilities are different when nanofluids were dispersed by three ways. Nanofluids dispersed by GSK1904529A price ball milling way possess the best stability, followed by nanofluids dispersed by ultrasonic dispersion way and magnetic stirring way. (C) 2010 American

Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3486488]“
“Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, has been reported to raise seizure thresholds. The purpose of the present study was to test the acute anticonvulsant effects of unesterified DHA in rats, using the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure model, and also to examine DHA incorporation and distribution into blood serum total lipids and brain phospholipids and unesterified fatty acids. Sedation was measured to monitor for the potential toxicity of DHA.

Methods: Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of saline, oleic acid (OA), or DHA. An initial pilot study (Experiment 1) established 400 mg/kg as an effective dose of DHA in the maximal PTZ seizure test. A subsequent time-response study, using 400 mg/kg (Experiment 2), established 1 hour as an effective postinjection interval for administering DHA subcutaneously. A final study (Experiment 3) comprised two different groups. The first group (“”seizure-tested rats”") received saline, OA, or DHA (400 mg/kg) subcutaneously, and were seizure tested in the maximal PTZ test 1 hour later to confirm the seizure latency measurements at that time.

There was substantial interreviewer agreement for rhythm classification. Agreement was greater for dual-chamber compared to single-chamber devices, indicating the atrial lead adds diagnostic value in rhythm interpretation. (PACE 2011;34:1003-1012)”
“A

worldwide cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) survey was undertaken for calendar year Selleckchem S3I-201 2009 and compared to a similar survey conducted in 2005. There were contributions from 61 countries: 25 from Europe, 20 from the Asia Pacific region, seven from the Middle East and Africa, and nine from the Americas. The 2009 survey involved 1,002,664 pacemakers, with 737,840 new implants and 264,824 replacements. The United States of America (USA) had the largest number of cardiac pacemaker implants (225,567) and Germany the highest new implants per million population (927). Virtually all countries showed increases in implant numbers over the 4 years between surveys. High-degree atrioventricular block and sick sinus syndrome remain the major indications for implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. There remains a high percentage of VVI(R) pacing in the developing countries, although compared

to the 2005 survey, virtually all countries had increased the percentage of DDDR implants. Pacing leads were predominantly transvenous, bipolar, and active fixation. The survey also involved 328,027 ICDs, with 222,407 new implants and 105,620 replacements. Virtually all countries surveyed showed a significant rise in the use of ICDs BV-6 with the largest implanter being the USA (133,262) with 434 new implants per million population.

This was the largest AZD6244 mw pacing and ICD survey ever performed, because of mainly a group of loyal enthusiastic survey coordinators. It encompasses more than 80% of all the pacemakers and ICDs implanted worldwide during 2009. (PACE 2011;34:1013-1027)”
“Time-of-Flight (ToF) experiments were carried out to study the electrical transport and charge trapping properties of oxidized freestanding single crystalline (100) CVD diamond crystals. It is shown that the diamond surface and properties of the electrical contacts are of extreme importance, influencing measured charge carrier mobility values. While sputtered Al contacts yield textbook ToF spectra and electron mobilities mu(e) exceeding 1860 cm(2)/Vs, thermally deposited contacts suffer from enhanced trapping. We propose a model in which the observed polarization effects can be explained by charge transfer to oxygen-related surface states, which interact with surface adsorbates, according to the well-known transfer-doping model. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3556748]“
“Clinically, gout is generally considered as a preferential male disease. However, it definitely does not occur exclusively in males. Our aim was to assess differences in the clinical features of gout arthritis between female and male patients.

These in turn were exchanged,

without major surgery, to long-term paracorporeal VADs (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA). After rehabilitation and nearly total recovery, the patient was-weaned from mechanical circulatory support after 104 cumulative days. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 28:984-6. Copyright (C) 2009 by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.”
“Pemphigus vulgaris is a life-threatening autoimmune bullous dermatosis and its management represents a major challenge to medical teams. The primary treatments for pemphigus vulgaris are oral steroids and immunosuppressants, but topical approaches also play a role in disease management. Here, we report a patient with pemphigus vulgaris involving 62%, of the total body surface area, with initial poor clinical AG-014699 nmr response to systemic steroids and topical silver sulfadiazine therapy. However, a marked improvement in wound healing and decreased patient discomfort were observed after application of silver-containing hydrofiber dressings (Aquacel-Ag (R)). Therefore, silver-containing hydrofiber dressings may offer an effective adjunct in the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris with extensive skin involvement. Our encouraging experience with these dressing

patches may be extended to manage other large exudation wounds.”
“Serum acute phase protein concentrations are used as diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic markers in human and, less frequently, in animal medicine. The aim of this NU7441 clinical trial study was to determine how the health status and signalment of the cat are associated with concentrations of acute phase proteins. Generally, medians of the positive acute phase proteins appeared to be higher in sick cats compared to healthy cats. In multivariable

regression models, log-transformed serum amyloid A concentration was higher in older cats, Salubrinal in sick and in female cats, while log-transformed alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin concentrations were higher in older cats and were associated with interactions of health status (sick/healthy) and gender (male/female). The data from healthy cats in this study contribute to the limited knowledge of normal reference ranges for this species. This study highlights the potential of acute phase proteins as diagnostic markers in sick cats, but also emphasises that the signalment of the cat needs to be taken into consideration. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“P>The conditional flu mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana generates singlet oxygen (1O(2)) in plastids during a dark-to-light shift. Seedlings of flu bleach and die, whereas mature plants stop growing and develop macroscopic necrotic lesions. Several suppressor mutants, dubbed singlet oxygen-linked death activator (soldat), were identified that abrogate 1O(2)-mediated cell death of flu seedlings.

7 +/- 1.4 vs 135.3 +/- 1.8 mmHg, 77.1 +/- 0.8 vs 76.3 +/- 1.0 mmHg for SBP and DBP respectively). Depressed subjects (n = 165) showed a significantly LDC000067 higher occurrence of concentric LVH than not depressed, after adjustment for age, sex, and hypertension. Depression was associated with a 2.1 fold higher risk of showing a LV concentric, either remodeling or LVH, pattern after adjustment for age, sex, and traditional CV risk factors.

Conclusions: Depression is accompanied by a higher occurrence of concentric LVH in elderly subjects, independently of BP levels. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“In natural populations, dispersal tends to be limited so that individuals

are in local competition with their neighbours. As a consequence, most behaviours tend to have a social component, e. g. they can be selfish, spiteful, cooperative or altruistic

as usually considered in social evolutionary theory. How social behaviours translate into fitness costs and benefits depends considerably on life-history features, as well as on local demographic and ecological conditions. Over the last four decades, evolutionists have been able to explore many of the consequences of these factors for the evolution of social behaviours. In Dinaciclib manufacturer this paper, we first recall the main theoretical concepts required to understand social evolution. We then discuss how life history, demography and ecology promote or inhibit the evolution of helping behaviours, but the arguments developed for helping can be extended to essentially any social trait. The analysis suggests that, on a theoretical level, it is possible to contrast three critical

benefit-to-cost ratios beyond which costly helping is selected for (three quantitative rules for the evolution of altruism). But comparison between theoretical results and empirical data has always been difficult in the literature, partly because of the perennial question of the scale at which relatedness should be measured under localized dispersal. We then provide three answers to this question.”
“Breast cancer has become the second leading cancer among females in Taiwan. Even though the etiology of breast cancer is multifactorial, oxidative stress plays an important role in the carcinogenesis. see more The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), one of the major antioxidant enzymes that is involved against oxidative stress, in adjacent cancer-free breast tissues and neoplasm tissues within the same patient. Sixty-five breast cancer patients’ formalin-fixed tissue blocks, including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) tissues, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissues, and adjacent cancer-free tissues, were evaluated by immunohistochemical stain. Meanwhile, their demographic and clinical information was also collected. The combined scores of MnSOD-positive cell proportion and MnSOD staining intensity were compared for different tissues within the same patient.