The NMDA receptors are arranged as a dimer of GluN1-GluN2B hetero

The NMDA receptors are arranged as a dimer of GluN1-GluN2B heterodimers with the twofold symmetry axis running through the entire molecule composed of an

amino terminal domain (ATD), a ligand-binding domain (LBD), and a transmembrane domain (TMD). The ATD and LBD are much more highly packed in the NMDA receptors than non-NMDA receptors, which may explain why ATD regulates selleck screening library ion channel activity in NMDA receptors but not in non-NMDA receptors.”
“A robust method for identifying movement in the free-living environment is needed to objectively measure physical activity. The purpose of this study was to validate the identification of postural orientation and movement from acceleration data against visual inspection from video recordings. Using tri-axial accelerometers placed on the waist and thigh, static orientations of standing, sitting, and lying down, as well as dynamic movements of walking, jogging and transitions between postures were identified. Additionally, subjects walked and jogged at self-selected slow, comfortable,

and fast speeds. Identification of tasks was performed using a combination of the signal magnitude area, continuous wavelet transforms and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/go-6983.html accelerometer orientations. Twelve healthy adults were studied in the laboratory, with two investigators identifying tasks during each second of video observation. The intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-rater reliability were greater than 0.95 for all activities except for transitions. Results demonstrated high validity, with sensitivity and positive predictive values of greater than 85% for

sitting and lying, with walking and jogging identified at greater than 90%. The greatest disagreement in identification accuracy between the algorithm and video occurred when subjects were asked to fidget while standing or sitting. During variable speed tasks, gait was correctly identified for speeds between 0.1 m/s and 4.8 m/s. This study included a range of walking speeds and natural movements such as fidgeting mTOR signaling pathway during static postures, demonstrating that accelerometer data can be used to identify orientation and movement among the general population. (C) 2013 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives:\n\nMesenchymal stem cells have great potential for tissue regeneration, and these cells can be harvested from a variety of tissues; however, up to now it has not been clear whether stem cells could be isolated from cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. The aim of our study was to isolate and characterize stem cells from both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) of humans.\n\nMaterials and methods:\n\nCruciate igaments were obtained from patients receiving total knee arthroplasty for advanced osteoarthritis and plastic-adherent cells were serially passaged.

The crown creates a more concentric, smooth vessel lumen with inc

The crown creates a more concentric, smooth vessel lumen with increased diameter, increased lesion compliance selleck chemicals and improved blood flow while protecting the vessel media. As a result, the risk for post-procedure thrombus formation and potential for restenosis may be reduced. The risk of intra-procedural events (slow flow, hemolysis, spasm and pain) may be reduced due to the design of this orbital sanding system along with proper technique. Extensive benchtop, in vivo, and clinical testing has confirmed these results and is presented within this paper. In

addition, guidelines for selecting the most appropriate crown size and type (solid versus classic) and step-by-step procedural technique and pharmacology information are presented. The DB360 System provides a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective endovascular method for PAD treatment. Careful understanding of procedural methods, use of pharmacological drugs, and understanding of device operation contributes to improved treatment success.”
“Introduction: The association between childhood sexual abuse and HIV risk buy Bucladesine among men who have sex with men (MSM) is well established. However, no studies have examined the potential impact of other forms of childhood maltreatment on HIV incidence in this population. Methods: We explored the impact of child physical abuse (CPA) on HIV seroconversion

in a cohort of gay/bisexual men aged 15 to 30 in Vancouver, Canada. Cox proportional hazard models were used, controlling for confounders. Results: Among 287 participants, 211 (73.5%) reported experiencing CPA before the age of 17, and 42 (14.6%) reporting URAI in the past year. After a median of 6.6 years follow-up, 16 (5.8%) participants HIV-seroconverted. In multivariate analysis, CPA was significantly associated with HIV seroconversion (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 4.89,

95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65-14.48), after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusion: Our study uncovered a link between childhood physical violence and HIV incidence. Results highlight an urgent need for screening HDAC inhibitor of young gay and bisexual men for histories of violence, and social and structural supports to prevent HIV transmission in this population.”
“Background: Germline defects of mismatch repair (MMR) genes underlie Lynch Syndrome (LS). We aimed to gain comprehensive genetic and epigenetic profiles of LS families in Singapore, which will facilitate efficient molecular diagnosis of LS in Singapore and the region. Methods: Fifty nine unrelated families were studied. Mutations in exons, splice-site junctions and promoters of five MMR genes were scanned by high resolution melting assay followed by DNA sequencing, large fragment deletions/duplications and promoter methylation in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 were evaluated by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.

01) from days 1 to 2 of culture and became undetectable by day 3

01) from days 1 to 2 of culture and became undetectable by day 3 and basal progesterone production increased (p < 0.05) from day 1 through day 4 of the culture. Although there was no effect of FSH on day 1 of the culture, FSH at 2, 4, 8 and 16 ng/ml increased (p < 0.05) oestradiol-17 beta production by granulosa cells from small follicles on day 2. Progesterone secretion was increased (p < 0.05) by all doses of FSH on all days of culture. All doses of LH had no effect on oestradiol-17 beta or progesterone production by granulosa cells from small follicles on any day of the culture. The results of this study demonstrate a serum-free culture system for buffalo granulosa cells and stimulatory effect

of FSH but not LH on steroid hormone production by buffalo granulosa cells under these conditions.”
“The find more goal of the present work was to separate zones of pickling cucumber field cultivation

in Poland according to the various degrees Fer-1 manufacturer of climatic risk The study used 40 years of (1966 2005) data from 28 experimental stations of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing The data characterised the course of the growth development cucumber crop productivity and also the agrotechnical dates Additionally the work considered agrometeorological data of 7 development stages of the analysed plant sunshine duration soil temperature at a height of 5 cm air temperature at a height of 2 m and 5 cm above ground level and atmospheric precipitation The agrometeorological data was collected from 53 meteorological stations in the Polish network of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Weather yield regression equations were used to determine unfavourable agiometeoroloycal elements which is the best way to determined the quantity of the cucumber total and marketable yield The highest climatic risk of pickling cucumber field cultivation occurred in about 7% of Poland s area This is the area covering the southwestern southeastern the northern and northeastern parrs of the country In these areas very high occurrence frequency of agrometeorological elements was noted

These elements were air and sod temperatures that were too low during Ro-3306 the whole growing season and too short of a duration of the period without frost lasting <= 120 days”
“The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of Er:YAG laser to remove root canal filling materials. The root canals of 21 extracted human anterior teeth were enlarged, and then obturated with gutta-percha points and sealer by lateral condensation. Filling materials were removed from root canals using Er:YAG laser irradiation at three energy output levels (30, 40, and 50 mJ/pulse), and the corresponding time required for material removal at each energy output level was recorded. The amount of remaining filling material and the degree of dentin ablation in the canal wall were assessed using microfocus X-ray CT before and after removal.

Some aspects of neurobehavioral performance correlated with AChE

Some aspects of neurobehavioral performance correlated with AChE activity, although associations may have reflected time of day effects. Discussion: Although huperzine A and galantamine significantly inhibited AChE (and likely increased central acetylcholine

levels), neither compound improved neurobehavioral performance. The latter was likely due to ceiling effects in this young, healthy test population. Under conditions of reduced cholinergic activity (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), AChE inhibition (and corresponding maintenance of cholinergic tone) could potentially maintain/augment some aspects of neurobehavioral function. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Light signaling pathways and circadian clocks are inextricably linked and have profound effects on behavior in most organisms. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) ALK tumor sequencing to uncover direct targets of the Neurospora crassa circadian regulator White Collar Complex (WCC). The WCC is a blue-light receptor and the key transcription factor of the circadian oscillator. It controls a transcriptional network that regulates similar

to 20% of all genes, generating daily rhythms and responses to light. We found this website that in response to light, WCC binds to hundreds of genomic regions, including the promoters of previously identified clock-and light-regulated genes. We show that WCC directly controls the expression of 24 transcription factor genes, including the clock-controlled adv-1 gene, which controls a circadian output pathway required buy 3-MA for daily rhythms in development. Our findings provide links between the key circadian activator and effectors in downstream regulatory pathways.”
“This work comprises a step towards the quantitative and qualitative analysis of coupled local and global hemodynamics

phenomena in the arterial system. The aim of this work is to present some numerical examples to put in evidence the importance of the use of 3D-1D coupled models in hemodynamics problems when carrying out simulations of rather complex situations. Accordingly, some cases for which classical modeling cannot be applied are identified and solved. The results obtained here allow us to assess some interrelations between local pointwise quantities (defined at the level of the 3D model) and global mean quantities (defined at the level of the 1 D model). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Encoding and retrieval of relational information requires interaction between the hippocampus and various neocortical regions, but it is unknown whether the connectivity of hippocampal-neocortical networks is different at input and output stages. To examine this, we conducted a network analysis of event-related fMRI data collected during a face-recognition, remember/know paradigm.

Research has shown positive effects of beta-mannanase

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Research has shown positive effects of beta-mannanase

supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility in poultry fed corn-soybean meal-based diets as well as diets containing guar meal, copra meal, and palm kernel meal. Such performance and nutrient digestibility improvements are the result of single or combined modes of action due to beta-mannanase addition. Particularly over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that these modes of action might be very complex and versatile. The identification and understanding of the mechanisms by which beta-mannanase supplementation affects nutrient digestion, metabolism, overall performance and health of birds, MCC950 is important for the optimisation and broadening of the application of this enzyme in avian nutrition. This paper reviews various modes of action by beta-mannanase supplementation in poultry. Additionally, significance of single modes of action under different conditions is also discussed.”
“UV-irradiated skin and UV-induced tumors overexpress the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and Cox-2 inhibition PFTα purchase reduces photocarcinogenesis. To evaluate photoprotective effects of Polypodium leucotomos extract (PL), hairless Xpc(+/-) mice were fed for 110 days with PL (300 mg/kg) or vehicle then

UV-irradiated, once. By 24 hours, UV-induced Cox-2 levels were increased in vehicle-fed and PL-fed mice, whereas by 48 and 72 hours, Cox-2 levels were four- to fivefold lower in PL-fed mice (P < 0.05). P53 expression/activity was increased in PL-fed versus vehicle-fed then

UV-irradiated mice. UV-induced inflammation was decreased in PL-fed mice, as shown by similar to 60% decrease (P < 0.001) in neutrophil infiltration at 24 hours, and macrophages by similar to 50% (<0.02) at 24 and 48 hours. By 72 hours, 54 +/- 5% cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers remained in vehiclefed versus 31 +/- 5% in PL-fed skin (P < 0.003). The number of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine-positive cells were decreased before UV irradiation by similar to 36% (P < 0.01), suggesting that PL reduces constitutive oxidative DNA damage. By 6 and 24 hours, the number of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine-positive cells were similar to SNX-5422 in vivo 59% (P < 0.01) and similar to 79% (P < 0.03) lower in PL-fed versus vehicle-fed mice. Finally, UV-induced mutations in PL-fed-mice were decreased by similar to 25% when assessed 2 weeks after the single UV exposure. These data demonstrate that PL extract supplementation affords the following photoprotective effects: P53 activation and reduction of acute inflammation via Cox-2 enzyme inhibition, increased cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer removal, and reduction of oxidative DNA damage. (Am J Pathol 2009, 175:1952-1961; DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.

Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyse the ass

Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyse the association of PET-CT-related parameters and clinical variables, to assess downstaging and pCR.\n\nResults Downstaging occurred in 48 patients (31.7 %) and pCR in 19 patients (12.5 %). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed post-CRT SUVmax as a significant factor for prediction of downstaging, with sensitivity of 60.4 %, specificity of 65.0 %, and accuracy of 55.9 %, for a cutoff value of 3.70. Regarding pCR, post-CRT SUVmax was again found as a significant parameter by univariate and multivariate analysis, with sensitivity of 73.7 %, specificity

of 63.7 %, and accuracy of 64.9 %, for a cutoff value of 3.55.\n\nConclusions The results indicate that post-CRT SUVmax independently predicts downstaging and pCR. However, the predictive values of post-CRT SUVmax for Panobinostat molecular weight tumour response after neoadjuvant CRT are too low in sensitivity Fludarabine datasheet and specificity to change the treatment plan for LARC.”
“Two new ylangene-type sesquiterpenoids, postinins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Postia sp. Structures 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The bioactivity evaluation showed that both compounds had significant inhibitory activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and SH2-containing cytoplasmic

tyrosine phosphatase-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 1.6-6.2g/ml.”
“Dysphagia matters and endoscopic examination of patients with swallowing complaints is an important part of their evaluation. The 3 key adjuncts to flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy are (1) flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, (2) assessment of pharyngeal squeeze, and (3) sensory testing. Patients undergoing flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy are then challenged with liquid or solid materials for intake. Fundamental clinical signs of swallowing parameters

are noted. The threshold at which the laryngeal adductor reflex is triggered is believed to be helpful in predicting swallowing capacity. This report deals solely with adult dysphagia evaluation.”
“What is the effectiveness of continued treatment with clomiphene citrate (CC) in women with PLX4032 World Health Organization (WHO) type II anovulation who have had at least six ovulatory cycles with CC but did not conceive? When women continued CC after six treatment cycles, the cumulative incidence rate of the ongoing pregnancy rate was 54% (95% CI 37-78%) for cycles 7-12. If women with WHO type II anovulation fail to conceive with CC within six ovulatory cycles, guidelines advise switching to gonadotrophins, which have a high risk of multiple gestation and are expensive. It is however not clear what success rate could be achieved by continued treatment with CC.

Results: All patients were male (median age, 8 years) Stage dist

Results: All patients were male (median age, 8 years). Stage distribution was stage III in three patients and Selleckchem CP456773 stage IV in two patients. Three patients had B-cell lymphoma and two had T-cell lymphoma. Reduced doses of Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) and French Society of Pediatric Oncology (SFOP) regimens were used in four patients according to histopathological subtype. The two patients with ataxia and one patient with Bloom’s Syndrome died of progressive/relapsed disease at months 5, 19, and 6, respectively. The

patient with CVID associated with T-cell lymphoma has been in remission for 7 years. A full-dosage regimen of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) was successfully used in the patient with WAS and B-cell lymphoma; he was still in remission after 3 years. Conclusion: Primary immunodeficiency diseases are one of the strongest known risk factors for the development of NHL. Management of these patients remains problematic. There

is a great need to develop new therapeutic approaches in this group. The use of rituximab in combination with CHOP may provide a promising treatment option for B-cell click here lymphomas associated with immunodeficiency.”
“This study examined the association of norovirus with foodborne disease outbreaks linked to food handlers and foodborne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with norovirus, in comparison to Salmonella foodborne gastroenteritis. Comparative analysis using chi(2)-tests showed no similarity between the outbreaks from norovirus and those from Salmonella. Odds ratios also showed a stronger similarity between the proportions of food handler-implicated norovirus outbreaks than from Salmonella-implicated

outbreaks. An analysis of data found norovirus transmission to occur more frequently spread person-to-person, unlike Salmonella, but similar to influenza or rotavirus. Norovirus was also not shown to be associated with food consumption. The data collection tool that focuses on food handlers as a source C59 datasheet of the virus may be better including the general human population. Such an enteric virus would be better understood through its similarity to the person-to-person transmission model resulting in pandemic spread.”
“The behavior of naturally virulent Meloidogyne isolates toward the tomato resistance gene Mi in major tomato-growing areas in Israel was studied for the first time. Virulence of seven selected isolates was confirmed over three successive generations on resistant (Mi-carrying) and susceptible (non-Mi-carrying) tomato cultivars. Diagnostic markers verified the predominance of Meloidogyne javanica among virulent isolates selected on resistant tomato cultivars or rootstocks.

Intact ERKO beta mice had both striatal transporters levels lower

Intact ERKO beta mice had both striatal transporters levels lower than WT and ERKO alpha mice. CA4P purchase MPTP caused a dose-dependant loss of both striatal transporters that correlated with striatal DA concentrations. Compared to WT and ERKO beta mice, ERKO alpha mice DAT, VMAT2 and TH were affected at lower MPTP doses. In the striatum and SN, ERKO alpha mice were more vulnerable and 17 beta-estradiol

protected against MPTP toxicity only in WT mice. ERKO alpha mice blood plasma had higher levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and 3 beta-diol compared to the plasma of WT and ERKO beta mice. 17 beta-estradiol treatment increased estradiol plasma levels in all genotypes. Striatal DA concentrations and SN TH mRNA correlated inversely with plasma testosterone and 3 beta-diol levels. Hence, in male mice the lack see more of ER alpha or ER beta altered their basal plasma steroid levels and both striatal DA transporters as well as their susceptibility to MPTP toxicity. (C)

2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are the major cause of cervical cancer. Hence, HPV genotype detection is a helpful preventive measure to combat cervical cancer. Recently, several HPV detection methods have been developed, each with different sensitivities and specificities. The objective of this study was to compare HPV high risk genotype detection by an electrochemical DNA chip system, a line probe assay (INNO-LiPA) and sequencing of the L1, E1 regions. A total of 361 cervical smears with different cytological findings were subjected to polymerase chain reaction-sequencing and electrochemical DNA chip assessment. Multiple infections were found in 21.9% (79/361) of the specimens, most prevalently in 20-29-year olds while the highest

prevalence of HPV infection was found in the 30-39-year age group. The most prevalent genotype was HPV 16 at 28.2% (138/489) followed by HPV 52 at 9.6% (47/489), with the other types occurring at less than 9.0%. The electrochemical DNA chip results were compared with INNO-LiPA and sequencing (E1 and L1 regions) based on random selection of 273 specimens. The results obtained by the three methods were in agreement except for three cases. Direct Oligomycin A sequencing detected only one predominant genotype including low risk HPV genotypes. INNO-LiPA identified multiple infections with various specific genotypes including some unclassified-risk genotypes. The electrochemical DNA chip was highly accurate, suitable for detection of single and multiple infections, allowed rapid detection, was less time-consuming and was easier to perform when compared with the other methods. It is concluded that for clinical and epidemiological studies, all genotyping methods are perfectly suitable and provide comparable results.”
“Purpose. – 5-fluoro-uracil (FU) is a common agent in postoperative chemoradiation in gastric adenocarcinoma. However, FU is not well tolerated in a significant proportion of patients.

In mouse osteoclast cells, mechanical stimulation through FAK act

In mouse osteoclast cells, mechanical stimulation through FAK activation stabilized beta-catenin protein to promote its nuclear translocation. In contrast, in the mouse intestine, FAK activity was induced downstream of Wnt to promote intestinal regeneration and was also essential for tumorigenesis in

an APC deletion model of colorectal cancer. Adding to this complexity, in human cell lines, FAK induced a context-dependent modulation of Wnt signaling to activate target-gene expression. Other diseases are also associated with FAK and Wnt pathway over-activation. Increased FAK and Wnt pathway activities were independently implicated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a lung disease of unknown etiology. Revealing the FAK-Wnt connection in IPF could Adavosertib provide a better understanding of disease pathology. There appear to be multiple interactions between the Wnt/beta-catenin and FAK signaling pathways in different cell HM781-36B types and organisms. Mutual FAK-Wnt pathway regulation could be a general phenomenon, having many still undetermined roles in either

normal physiological or disease processes.”
“Type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission after bariatric procedures has been highlighted in many retrospective and some recent prospective studies. However, in the most recent prospective study, more than 50 % of patients did not reach T2D remission at 1 year. Our aim was to identify baseline positive predictors for T2D remission at 1 year after bariatric surgery and to build a preoperative predictive score. We analysed the data concerning 161 obese operated on between June 2007 and December RG-7112 Apoptosis inhibitor 2010. Among them, 46 were diabetic and were included in the study-11 laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), 26 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 9 sleeve gastrectomy (SG). We compared anthropometric and metabolic features during 1 year of follow-up. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to predict T2D remission. RYGB and SG were similarly efficient for

body weight loss and more efficient than LAGB; 62.8 % of patients presented with T2DM remission at 1 year, with no significant difference according to the surgical procedure. A 1-year body mass index (BMI) < 35 kg m(-2) was predictive of T2DM remission whatever the procedure. The preoperative predictive factors of diabetes remission were baseline BMI a parts per thousand currency sign50 kg m(-2), duration of type 2 diabetes a parts per thousand currency sign4 years, glycated haemoglobin a parts per thousand currency sign7.1 %, fasting glucose < 1.14 g/l and absence of insulin therapy. A short duration of diabetes and good preoperative glycaemic control increase the rate of T2DM remission 1 year after surgery. Preoperative metabolic data could be of greater importance than the choice of bariatric procedure.”
“The morbidity and mortality conference (M&M) is a long-standing practice in medicine.

A de novo search for the binding motif of the 10 ChIP-seq dataset

A de novo search for the binding motif of the 10 ChIP-seq datasets discovered numerous motifs from each of the ChIP-seq datasets. These consensus sequences indicated that histone modification at different locations changes the histone H3 and H4 binding preferences. Nevertheless, a high degree of conservation in histone binding also was presented in these motifs. This first extensive epigenomic landscape mapping in bovine cells offers a new framework and a great resource for testing the role of epigenomes in cell function and transcriptomic regulation.”
“Although multimodal therapies including Napabucasin in vivo surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy

have improved clinical outcomes of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas, the prognosis of patients has plateaued over these 20

years. Immunotherapies have shown the effectiveness for several types of advanced tumors. Immunotherapies, such as cytokine therapies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell transfers, have also been investigated for bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Cytokine therapies with interleukin-2 or interferons have limited efficacy because of their cytotoxicities. Liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine selleck products (L-MTP-PE), an activator of the innate immune system, has been approved as adjuvant therapeutics in combination with conventional chemotherapy in Europe, which has improved the 5-year overall survival of patients. Vaccinations and transfer of T cells transduced to express chimeric antigen receptors CX-6258 solubility dmso have shown some efficacy for sarcomas. Ipilimumab and nivolumab are monoclonal

antibodies designed to inhibit immune checkpoint mechanisms. These antibodies have recently been shown to be effective for patients with melanoma and also investigated for patients with sarcomas. In this review, we provide an overview of various trials of immunotherapies for bone and soft tissue sarcomas, and discuss their potential as adjuvant therapies in combination with conventional therapies.”
“A highly regio- and stereoselective asymmetric synthesis of rhamnosyl- and amicetpsyl-digitoxigenin analogues has been established via palladium catalyzed glycosylation followed by big-/tris-dihydroxylation or bis-/tris-diimide reduction. The alpha-L-rhamnose and alpha-L-amicetose digitoxin monosaccharide analogues displayed stronger apoptosis inducing activity and cytotoxicity against nonsmall cell human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) than its D-diastereomeric isomers in a sugar chain length dependent manner.”
“Objectives Inhibition of (pro) renin receptor activation was demonstrated to inhibit or even abolish the development of end-organ damage in animal models.